Iicawa zamaKristu
zikaThixo
Inombolo 013
Uphawu lukaYona
Nembali Yokwakhiwa Ngokutsha Kwetempile
(Uhlelo 5.5
19940402 -19980822-20071211-20080106-20110910-20011127-20220511)
Enye yeengqikelelo
ezona zingaqondwa kakubi yileyo yoMphawu
kaYona. Lo yayiza kuba ngowona mphawu
kuphela owawunikwe ngenkonzo kaMesiya. Lo mqondis unxulumene nokwakhiwa ngokutsha kweTempile kunye neeveki ezingamashumi asixhenxe zeminyaka. Lo mqondiso uyaqhubeka kwaye unentsingiselo kwiintsuku zethu. Esi siprofeto sisasebenza kwaye siya kuphela
kungekudala. Ukuqonda ixesha elichanekileyo lokwakhiwa ngokutsha kweTempile kubaluleke kakhulu. Eli phepha lidibanisa iiVangeli nomsebenzi kaKristu neeNcwadi zikaYona, uDaniyeli, uEzira, uNehemiya, uHagai nezinye.
Iicawa zamaKristu
zikaThixo
PO Box 369, WODEN
ACT 2606, AUSTRALIA
I-imeyile: secretary@ccg.org
(Ilungelo lokushicilela © 1994, 1998, 2007, 2008, 2011, 2022 Wade Cox)
Eli phepha lingakopishwa kwaye lisasazwe ngokukhululekileyo ukuba liyakopishwa lonke ngaphandle kweenguqu okanye izicinyo. Igama lomapapashi nedilesi kunye nesaziso samalungelo okushicilela kufuneka zifakwe. Akukho ntlawulo inokubandakanywa kubamkeli beekopi ezisasaziweyo. Iingcaphulo ezimfutshane zinokufakwa kumanqaku ohlalutyo nophononongo ngaphandle kokwaphula amalungelo okushicilela.
Eli phepha liyafumaneka kwiphepha le-World
Wide Web:
http://www.logon.org
kunye ne-http://www.ccg.org
Uphawu lukaYona
neMbali yokuPhinda kuYilwe ko
Tyhileko
Ukuphinda kuYilwe koTyhileko
Kukho iinguqulelo
ezintathu ezingokuphinda kwakhiwa koTyhileko: eyokuqala yiBhayibhile, eyesibini yi-Apocrypha ku-1
Esdras, kwaye eyesithathu yeyoJosephus kwi-The Antiquities of the Jews, iNcwadi XI, iSahluko I ukuya ku IV.
Zonke ziyavumelana
ukuba uKoresi wanikezela ngezinto ezixabisekileyo zeTempile kuSheshbazzar, iNkosana (Ezira 1:8) okanye uMlawuli (Ezira 5:15 okanye 1 Esdras) waseYuda, ukuze azigcine de kwakhiwa iTempile, kwaye zabuyiselwa kunye nabathinjwa ababebuya. Ngaphandle koJosephus (The Antiquities of the Jews, Bk.
XI, Is. III, jonga inqaku elingobukumkani bamaMagi), uZerubhabheli ubhalwe njengoMlawuli kamva ngexesha lobukumkani bukaDarius (ekubekweni raphantsi kweziseko), kunye nentsomi yeencwadi zeApocrypha yabalindi abathathu, njengoko ifumaneka kuJosephus, eyenzeka ngeli xesha lobukumkani (uZerubhabheli usenokuba wabuya nabanye ngexesha likaDarius I, kodwa oku kukuqikelela).
Ithabere yeNkosi yakhiwa kwinyanga yesixhenxe yonyaka wokuqala wokubuya kwabo. Uninzi lwamathinjwa
lwabuyela kwizixeko zawo hayi eYerusalem
(ukuba asibobonke amathinjwa ngokweprofeto; INgci 3:1-3). Isiseko seTempile sasingekafakwa (ves. 6). Umsebenzi waqalwa kunyaka wesibini isiseko sifakwe (vesi 10). Ukususela ngeli xesha, amaYuda
ayephazanyiswa kwiinzame zawo ngabemi baloo
ndawo, amaSamariya ale mihla, awayengengamaSirayeli
kodwa yayingamaKuthani namaMede, ababemiwe kwakhona kwaSirayeli emva kokuba iiNkosi
ezilishumi zithathwe njengomgaqo-nkqubo owawucwangcisiwe
ngu-Esarhaddon, uKumkani wase-Asiriya. UJosephus uthi bathinjwa besuka eCuthah naseMedia nguShalmaneser, UKumkani wase-Asiriya. Lo mgaqo-nkqubo wokuhlaliswa ngabom wawuyinto eqhelekileyo kuzo zonke iimbuso zeTigris-Euphrates
kwaye wachaphazela amazwe akude njenge-Ethiopia
neLibya awayesuswe waya kufika kwiNdawo
yase-Indus. ISrayeli yahlaliswa emantla e-Araxes. Intsalela yakwaSirayeli kwiminyaka eyalandelayo yafudukela kwiindlwana ezisecaleni kweEfrate kwaye yafunyanwa phakathi kwakwaYuda, nto leyo eyabangela ingxelo yokuba uSirayeli usasazeke phakathi kwakwaYuda. Le nkolelo ingeyonyani ixhaswe ngamanye awona Marhabi aphambili aseMpuma.
AbakwaKuthah nabakwaMede
okanye 'amaSamarita emihla yethu' bamkela
inkolo yamaYuda, yaye kwiminyaka eyalandelayo baseka isixeko, iShechem, ngaphantsi koLwandle iGerizim, esasihlala amaYuda aphambukayo, oko kukuthi, abo
babesoyika ukugwetywa ngenxa yokwaphula uMthetho ngokunxulumene neSabatha neenyama njalo njalo. (Josephus, The Antiquities of the Jews, Bk. XI, Ch. VII:2 kunye ne-VIII:6-7; kunye noEzira 4:2).
Le teyibhile ilandelayo ibonisa ulandelelwano lweziganeko ngokweBhayibhile, kusetyenziswa imihla eyamkelweyo ngoku, nangona uJosephus enokwahluka kakhulu.
Kwakukho iTempile eyakhiwa ngamaSamarita phakathi kwenkulungwane yesihlanu phambi kokuzalwa kukaKristu. Iziseko zayo zifunyenwe zifana neziseko zaseYerusalem, ezazibekwa ekubuyeni kodwa zaza zagqitywa kuphela ngolawulo lukaDarius II kwinkulungwane elandelayo, emva kwesakhiwo saseGerizim.
UJosephus kungqineke
enephutha ngemihla yakhe malunga nemisebenzi
eNtabeni iGerizim. UGqr. Yitzhak Magen ebetyhile iTempile yokuqala waza wayibeka ngokwemiHla
phakathi kwenkulungwane yesihlanu phambi kokuzalwa kukaKristu (BCE). Kufunyenwe iingqekembe zasePeres ezili-13,000 kwindawo yeminikelo yesishumi. Kwakukho iingqekembe ezahlukeneyo ezingama-68, eyona yakudala ibhalwe umhla ka-480 BCE. Iimpahla zebhaka zazisusukela kwinkulungwane yesihlanu ukuya kweyesine. Amathambo amadini abalwa kwinkulungwane yesihlanu. Kwindibano ye-archaeology eCopenhagen
ngo-2006, kwabhengezwa ukuba
uJosephus wayephazama ngokubalwa kwakhe kwamaxesha (cf. Y. Magen, Mt Gerizim Excavations, Vol. I,
Judea and Samaria Publications, JSP II, Israel Antiquities
Authority 2004 ISBN 965-406-160 -0 ISBN 13: 978-965-406-160-5). Iinkcukacha zibonisa itempile nobulungiseleli obabesebenza eGerizim ukusukela phakathi kwenkulungwane yesihlanu (masithi ukuya kutsho
kwiminyaka engama-343) phambi
kokutshabalaliswa kukaHircanus,
ukusukela ngo-113 BCE. Yiyo
loo nto ulwakhiwo eYerusalem lwaluchaswa ngamandla kangaka ngaba bantu, njengoko
iBhayibhile isitsho.
UMHLA |
SESIGANEKO |
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539 BCE |
Ukwangwa kweBhabhiloni
nguSayilusi noDaryasi waseMede, unyana ka-Astyages (obizwa ngokuba nguXerxes nguDaniyeli), umalume kaSayilusi nomlawuli wokuqala, olawula esuka eBhabhiloni naseMede, apho athatha khona uDaniyeli (Josephus, Antiq. of the
Jews, Bk. X, Ch. XI:4). |
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538/7 BCE |
Umthetho kaKoresi. Ukubuya kwabathinjwa (umhla
awuqinisekanga). Babuyela
kwizixeko zamaSirayeli, kodwa hayi eYerusalem. |
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UShešbazzar ubeka
isiseko seTempile (Ezira 5:16). Kusenokwenzeka ukuba
iziseko kwanyanzeleka ukuba ziphinde zibekwe nguZerubhabheli xa waqala ulwakhiwo
emva kokwakha iwonga (Ezira 3:2) . Kungenzeka ukuba uSheshbazzar ngulo Shenazzar wase-1 IziKronike
3:17-19, unyana kaShealtiel
nomntakwabo kaPediah, utata kaZerubbabel. Kungenzeka ukuba uZerubbabel walandela uSheshbazzar njengoRhuluneli esengumfana oselula. UMateyu 1:12 ubhala ngoZerubhabheli njengonyana kaShealtiyeli, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba uPediah wayenokuba wasweleka esemncinci kwaye uShenazzar okanye uSheshbazzar walandela uShealtiyeli njengoKumkanikazi oLawulayo wakwaYuda waza naye walandelwa nguZerubhabheli, mhlawumbi xa wayesele ekhulile
okanye ekuswelekeni komalume wakhe. |
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530-522 BCE |
Ulawulo lukaCambyses.
Walawula unyaka omnye ekunye noCyrus, Buyise. UJosephus ukhankanya ileta yokukhalaza eyabhalelwa le ngwevu, kodwa akukho ngxelo ifunyenweyo eBhayibhileni. Kuye kwenziwa iinzame zokumqhobosha neleta eya kuAhasuerus, kodwa eli ligama
lesiPerishi likaXerxes kwaye libhalwe ngolo hlobo nguMoffatt,
i-NIV nabanye. UHerodotus
ubhala ukuba lo Kumkani wayengumhlali. |
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525 BCE |
Ukugqitywa kwesiprofeto
esiyimfihlakalo samagxa oFaro aphukileyo kwisigaba saso sokuqala ngokuthathwa kweYiputa nguCambyses(Hezek. Isahl. 29-30 nangaphaya),
oko kukuthi, iminyaka engamashumi asibhozo ukusukela ngo-605 BCE. |
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522 BCE |
Ulawulo lwamaMagi
(ngokukaJosephus). AmaMagi
abulawa emva konyaka omnye wolawulo, waza uDarius, unyana kaHystaspes, wonyulwa njengokumkani ziintsapho ezisixhenxe eziphambili zasePeres. UZerubhabheli wabuya evela kwaYuda ezokuthatha izitya zikaThixo ezazisaseBhabhiloni (mhlawumbi oku kungqubana). USmerdis, iMagi, wathathela indawo kaSmerdis, unyana kaKayisare, owabulawa ngomyalelo kaCambyses. Walawula iinyanga
ezisixhenxe de yena nomntakwabo, uPatizeithes (umbhali wale ntshintshiselwano), bafunyanwa baza baphoswa iintloko ngobusuku bokubulawa kweMagi (iMagophonia). Wayengengokumkani
ngokwenyani kwaye wakhupha ummiselo omnye kuphela wokuxolelwa kwerhafu iminyaka emithathu. Wavalelwa enqabeni ngenxa yokoyika ukufunyanwa, nto leyo eyenzekayo nangona kunjalo, kuba uKoresi wayesikhe wasika iindlebe zikaSmerdis iMagus ngenxa yobugebenga obukhulu. Lo mqambi kaSmerdis ngamanye amaxesha usetyenziswa njengomnye wookumkani abathathu ekuthiwa bakhankanywe kuDaniyeli 11:2-4.
OoKumkani abane abakhankanyiweyo kunokwenzeka ukuba nguCambyses, Darius,
Xerxes kunye noCyrus
Artaxerxes. OoKumkani ababelehleli
babengabandakanyekanga kangako
nangona uDarius II wangenelela kwimicimbi yamaGrike ngokwenza isivumelwano neSparta
(Thucydides The Peloponnesian War, Bk. 8:5,6,36,37,57-59). UHerodotus
ubhala ngezi zokugqibela zintathu kwi-Histories, iNcw. 6, p. 100: Ngethuba lezizukulwana
ezithathu ezibandakanya ulawulo lukaDarius unyana kaHystaspes, lonyana wakhe uXerxes, kunye nomzukulwana wakhe uArtaxerxes, iGrisi yafumana intlungu engaphezulu kunakwizizukulwana ezingamashumi amabini phambi kokuzalwa kukaDarius, ngenxa yamanye amadabi amaPeres, kwaye ngenxa yezidubedube zayo zangaphakathi zokuzama ukuba ngoyena mkhulu. Emva kukaCyrus Artaxerxes, iPeres yazinikela kakhulu ekulweni neGrisi kangangokuba kwakungenakuphepheka
ukuba impendulo yamaGrike ifike njengoko yenzeka ngoAlexander. |
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521 BCE |
uDarius I (Omkhulu). Kwakukho
ulwakhiwo oluncinci kwiTempile(Ezira 4:4-5). |
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516 BCE |
Isiprofeto seminyaka engamashumi asixhenxe siphelelwa lixesha (Jer. 25:8-14 kunye noDan. 9). IJerusalem ibingenakuba yayinabantu kude kube ngulo mhla. |
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486 BCE |
Xerxes I (uAhasuerus), unyana wesine kaDarius I, umzukulwana wokuqala kaCyrus. Kwabhalelwa ileta, kodwa akukho mpendulo irekhodiweyo (Ezira 4:6). |
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465 BCE |
uArtaxerxes I (igama
lakhe lokwenyani nguCyrus, ekwabizwa ngokuba nguMacrocheir okanye uLongimanus). Ileta yabhalelwa yena nguBishlam,
uMithredath noTabe-el
(Ezra 4:7); iinkokeli zeqela
elalichasene nokubuyiselwa
kwamaYuda ngeli xesha lolawulo lweli khosi. (Ezi zinkokeli zahlukile kwezo zakhankanywa nguNehemiah, nto leyo eqinisa ingongoma yokuba zizikhosi ezimbini ezahlukeneyo ezibandakanyekileyo.) U-Artaxerxes wakhupha ummiselo oyalela ukuba ukwakhiwa kweTempile kumiswe (Ezra
4:7-24). Uhlaselo lwama-Athenian eYiputa kunye noMbutho waseDelos kunokwenzeka kwabangela ukuba kuthathwe amanyathelo angqongqo okulawula. Uvukelo lwacinezelwa
ngo-454 BCE eYiputa nakwezinye
iindawo zoBukhosi. Kwakucacile ukuba iJerusalem eyakhiwe ngamabhakabhaka yayingafuneki. Imfazwe yamaGrike yathatha ixesha ukusukela ekutshisweni kweSardis ngo-501
BCE ukuya kunyaka we-17 ka-Artaxerxes ngo-448 BCE. |
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424 BCE |
uXerxes II (akukho ngxelo kwiBhayibhile). Wabulawa ngo-424emva kweentsuku
ezingama-45 nguSogdianus umntakwabo
ongengowemthetho owabusa iinyanga ezi-6½. Wabulawa ngu omnye
umntakwabo ongengowemthetho, uOchus, owathi waba nguDarius II ekupheleni
kuka-424 BCE / ekuqaleni kuka-423 BCE. |
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423 BCE |
uDarius II. Umthetho
wakhutshwa wokuba kuqalwe ulwakhiwo ngo-422 BCE ezingama-70
zeminyaka. Ukusuka kuEzira 5 kubonakala ukuba uHagai noZakariya baprofeta ngo-423 BCE nango-422 BCE. Iiveki ezingama-70 zeminyaka ziqala ukusuka ku-423/22 BCE (oko kukuthi kunyaka wokuqala wexesha elitsha leJubhileyi). Ulwakhiwo lwagqitywa kunyaka wesithandathu kaDarius wasePeres (Ezira 6:15) nge-3 ka-Adar, oko kukuthi, Matshi 418 BCE. UDarius usweleka
ngexesha lokuphela lonyaka ka-405 ukuya entwasahlobo ka-404. Itempile eseNtabeni iGerizim isenokuba yaqalwa ngeli xesha, kodwa mhlawumbi hayi phambi konyaka
ka-465 ukuya ku-448 BCE (jonga
apha ngasentla). |
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404 BCE |
U-Artaxerxes II (Arsakes) ujongene nentshutshiso yamaYiputa xaethatha isihlalo kwintwasahlobo okanye kuNisan 404 BCE. |
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402 BCE |
U-Artaxerxes waphulukana
neYiputa. |
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401 BCE |
Imfazwe yamakhaya ePeresiya.
AmaGrike oyiswa kwiDabi laseCunaxa aze abuyele unxweme lweLwandle eliMnyama. |
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398 BCE |
Kupapashwa ummiselo
wokubonelela uEzira ngokutya xa ebuya
kunyaka wesixhenxe, mhlawumbi
njengomvuzo wobulalwane bama Yuda (Ezira 7:1-26). |
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387 BCE |
U-Artaxerxes woyisa amaSpartan waza wamisa ukungenelela
kwawo. Uxolo lukumkani lubona iPersiya iphinda ithatha iIonia. |
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385 BCE |
UNehemiah wamiselwa
ukuba abe nguRhuluneli waseYuda ukusukela ngo-385-372 BCE xa isixeko neendonga zazakhiwa ngokutsha (Neh. 5:14) . U-Eliashib nguMbingeleli oMkhulu (Neh. 3:1). Le yayiyileta
yesibini okanye ummiselo ka-Artaxerxes. Lo yayingowokwakhiwa ngokutsha kwezango leziboro zeTempile kunye neendonga zesixeko (iTempile yayisele yakhiwe - Neh. 6:10-11). Isixeko sasingathi
sonakaliswe kwimfazwe yamakhaya apho amaYuda aseBhabhiloni naseSirayeli ngokucacileyo ayexhasa ukumkani. |
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375/4 BCE |
Oku kugqibezela isiprofeto esiseDaniel 9:25 soMthanjiswa wokuqala weeveki ezisi-7 zeminyaka, oko kukuthi, iminyaka
engama-49 ukusukela
ngo-423/2 BCE - 375/4 BCE. |
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374/3 BCE |
Unyaka weJubhile
uqala ngo-374 BCE kunyaka
wama-32 ka-Artaxerxes II. Akucaci
ukuba ukubuyiselwa kwamazwe nguNehemiah yayikukubuyiselwa
kwamaJubhile na. Kubonakala
ngathi kwakunjalo kwaye, ke ngoko,
le yayiyeyokugqibela iJubhile
eyaziwayo eyayibanjwe. |
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374/3 BCE 323 BCE |
Unyaka wama-32 ka-Artaxerxes.
UNehemiya ubuyela eYerusalem evela eBhabhiloni aze afumane iTempile isesiphithiphithini phantsi
ko-Eliashib noTobiya
(Neh. 13:6). UNehemiya uyayivuselela
iTempile aze abonelele ngokutya amaLevi namaCula abuyela eTempileni (Neh.
13:10-11). Ubuyisela umthwalo
wesibhozo aze ahlambulule iiSabatha (Neh.
13:12-19). Ezra usweleka kunyaka ofanayo no-Alexander Omkhulu (Seder
Olam Rabbah
30). |
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62/63 CE |
Isiphelo seeveki ezingama-62 zeminyaka kunye nokupheliswa okusebenzayo kwesibongo
kunye nokuthotywa kobuphristi obuphezulu kubugonyamelo
ngokubulawa kukaYakobo, uMbhishophu waseYerusalem
ngo-62 CE. |
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70 CE |
Isiphelo seeveki ezingama-70 zeminyaka kunye nentshabalalo yeTempile. |
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73 CE |
Ukuwa kweYuda kunye neMasada. |
UJosephus uthi uZerubhabheli wabuya kwangoko emva komthetho
kaKoresi. Ileta eya kuAhasuerus yileya eya kuCambyses, kwaye ulwakhiwo lwagqitywa ngolawulo lukaDarius I – uEzira noNehemiya babuyela ngelo lixa, kwaye
nabaprofeti uHagai noZekariya bavuswa ngonyaka wesibini wolawulo lwaloo mntu kananjalo. Ngokutsho kwakhe, ulwakhiwo lwalugqitywe ngo-516
BCE. 519 -516 BCE yayiyeyona nto yokuqala
yexesha eyayivunyelwe kwisiprofeto seminyaka engamashumi asixhenxe esenziwa nguYeremiya saza saphindwa nguDaniyeli xa wayechaza ixesha iYerusalem eyayiya kuba luthuli ngalo.
Ulandelelwano lwexesha lulungelelene kakhulu, kwaye ukuba izinto
bezihambe ngokwesona siganeko sokuqala esivunyelwe sisiprofeto, bekungayi kubakho mfuneko yezithunywa zikaHezekile, kwaye kancinci, nezikaZekariya, ukuba zibayalele ukuba baqhubeke nomsebenzi (Hez.1:2-15). Ezira
4:23 ne 5:1-2 zibonisa ukuba
uHagai noZekariya babekwa emva komthetho
ka-Artakserxes owanyanzela ukuba kuyekwe ukwakha
(jonga kwakhona 1Esdras
7:5).
UJosephus uyaqhubeka
achaza ukuba umthetho wokubonelela ngesibuyelo sikaEzira kunye noXerxes nomyeni ka-Esther ngu-Artaxerxes I. Ingxaki yeyokuba
u-Ahasuerus (okanye u-Ahasaerus) yindlela yesiPersi yokubiza uXerxes. U-Artaxerxes I, ekuthi uHerodotus wayebizwa ngokuba nguKyrus, wathiywa igama elingu-Artaxerxes ngamaGrike (jonga kwakhona uJosephus, Antiq. of the Jews, Bk.
XI, Ch. VI:l).
Ulwazi olongezelelweyo, olucacisayo, kukuba kwakukho izizukulwana ezithandathu zamaLevi ezazibandakanyekile ukusukela ekubuyeni kukaZerubhabheli nasekuqaleni kude kwagqitywa ngolawulo lukaDarius wasePeres (Neh.
12:1-22). Ubomi bukaZerubhabheli
bandululwa yiNkosi ukuze abeke iliso
ekugqityweni (Zak. 4:9) kwaye,
emva komyalezo kaHezekile noZekariya, waphakama waza wagqibezela iTempile kunye noYeshua unyana kaYozadaki.
Ukususela ekufikeni kukaYeshua noZerubhabheli kude kube kulawulo
lukaDarius umPersiya, kubhalwe kuNehemia 12:10-11 ukuba uYeshua wayenonyana,
uYoyakim; umzukulwana, uEliashib; umzukulwana-mkhulu, uYoyada; umzukulwana-mkhulu-mkhulu,
uYonatan; kunye nomzukulwana-mkhulu-mkhulu-mkhulu, uYeddaya.
KwiNehemiya 12:22 sibona
ukuba uYonatan akazange alandele uYoyada njengompristi omkhulu, koko wangena
umntakwabo kaYoyada, uYohanan. UYonatan wayetshate intombi kaSanibalat waseHoroni, waza wasuswa nguNehemiya
(Neh. 13:28) . Noko ke, kucacile ukuba kwabakho izizukulwana ezihlanu ezazalwa nguYeshua phambi kokulawula kukaDarius wasePeres, ongukumkani owakhupha ummiselo wokwakhiwa kweTempile, yaye phantsi kolawulo
lwakhe yagqitywa. Nangona uYeshua wayenonyana abaninzi ababekhona naye xa kwakufakwa iziseko
zeTempile emva konyaka wesibini (1 Ezikronike 3:9) , akunakwenzeka ukuba uDarius wokwakha
ibe nguDarius I njengoko walawula ukusukela ngo-521-466 BCE, emva kweminyaka eli-16 ukusukela ekubuyeni. Kungoko kumele ukuba ibinguDarius
II ngo-423-404 BCE, emva kweminyaka
eli-114 ukusukela ekubuyeni.
Ukuba sivumela iminyaka engama-20 isizukulwana ngasinye kwaye sivumela ukuba noJaddua wayesele engumpriste phambi kokuba lo nkosi
afike, uZerubhabheli wayeneminyaka emalunga ne-120 ubudala, kungoko uYeshua wayenokuba neminyaka emalunga ne-140 ubudala ngexesha lokwakha; baza bafa kungekudala emva koko. Ukusetyenziswa
kweli gama ku-Ezira 5:2 kubonisa ukuba uZerubhabheli noYeshua babesele bekhulile kakhulu kwaye baphumile kwimisebenzi enzima, njengoko kuqinisekiswa nangoZakariya 4:9.
UNehamya 12:26 ubonisa
ukuba uYoyakim wayengumpristi oyintloko emva koYeshua kodwa
oko kuthetha ukuba wasweleka kudala phambi kokuba
uNehemya noEzira babuye.U-Eliashib wayengoyena Mbingeleli Mkhulu mdala ophila ngexesha lokubuya kukaNehemiya (Neh. 3:1).
UJohanan ubonakala sele eqalile ukusebenza
njengombingeleli omkhulu ngexesha lokubuya kukaEzira (Ezira 10:6). Ububingeleli babuyeka umsebenzi wokunikela ngamadini xa umntu
efikelela kwiminyaka engamashumi amahlanu ubudala. UNehemiya ukwangqina uJaddua kuluhlu lwabaBingeleli Abakhulu ukuya kutsho kuDarius wasePeres. Ngenxa yoko, iTempile ayinakuba yakhiwa ngaphambi konyaka we-417 BCE.
Kufuneka kwakhona kuqatshelwe ukuba uIddo wabuya noZerubhabheli.
Ngethuba lobuphristi obuphezulu bukaYoyakim, ubuphristi babusele budlule kwizizukulwana ezibini, ngoko ke sibona ukuba
uZekariya wabizwa phakathi kwamaLevi, ukusukela ngexesha likaIddo. Enyanisweni wayengumzukulwana kaIddo, unyana kaBerekiya, kwaye wayengumprofeti kunyaka wesibini kaDarius. Xa uZekariya ethetha ngentonga yokulinganisa esezandleni zikaZerubhabheli noMbingeleli oMkhulu uYeshua, ukwenza oko njengommangaliso
nophawu lukaThixo lokuba uZerubhabheli akufuneki nje abeke
iziseko kodwa makabambe umtya nasekugqityweni kwaso. Siyazi kwiNehemiya 12 ukuba uZekariya wayengumbingeleli phantsi koYoyakim. Ngoko ke, isiseko sentshukumo
ukusuka kwixesha elidala sibonakala simi.
Isiprofeto sikaZekariya sinxulumene nokubaluleka kokwakhiwa kweTempile neeveki ezingamashumi asixhenxe zeminyaka ukusukela kulawulo lukaDaryasi II kunyaka wesibini, kunye nophuhliso lwayo, ukugqitywa kwayo nokubuyiselwa kwayo.
Ubungqina Obungekho
eBhayibhileni
Ingqina ecacileyo yebali lasebhayibhileni ivela kwiileta zesiAramaic, eziguqulwe nguH.L. Ginsberg zaza zapapashwa kwi-The Ancient Near East: Ingqokelela yombhalo nemifanekiso (ehlelwe nguJames B. Pritchard,
Princeton, 1958, amaphe. 278-282), ezi yayingamabhalelo aye nakwiZizwe zakwaSirayeli ezaseNqabeni yase-Elephantine. Le nqaba yayikhuselwe ngamaYuda kunye nezinye iintlanga
zamaSemite ezingengawo amaYuda ukususela kwimihla yobukumkani baseYiputa phambi kokuhlaselwa ngamaMede namaPersi.
Kwakhewe iTempile emangalisayo apho kwaye yayisele ineminyaka emininzi xa uCambyses wahlasela
iYiputa. Njengoko kuye kwachazwa ngaphambili, ngexesha lolawulo lukaKyrus Macrocheir okanye uArtaxerxes I, uhlaselo lwamaAthenian eYiputa lwayekiswa ngo-454 BCE, kwaye uSatrap owashiyeka elawula yayingumMedo-Persian ogama linguArsames, owalawula njengoSatrap ukusukela ngo-455/4 BCE ukuya kwinani elingancinane lika-407
BCE.
Ngethuba elithile lelo, inkokeli yamaYuda akwesi sikere yayingumYuda ogama linguYedoniah. Kunyaka wesihlanu kaDarius II, oko kukuthi ngo-420/419 BCE, uHananiah,
umbhali wamaYuda ka-Arsames, wabhala waya kuYedoniah e-Elephantine emazisa ukuba uDarius
uthumele ilizwi ku-Arsames elivumela umthendeleko weSinkwa Esingenyevenge kwigarisoni yamaYuda, ekwancoma iinkcukacha zeentsuku zokubala iMibhiyozo eqala nge-14 kaNisan ngolu hlobo:
Ngoko ke nina baleni ukusukela
kwiintsuku ezilishumi elinesine zenyanga kaNisan kwaye nithob
[lungiselela ipasika], kwaye ukusukela kumhla we-15 ukuya kowe-21 [weNisan galelani umthendeleko wesonka esingenaswekile]. Yibani (ngokomthetho)
nicocekile kwaye nilumke. [Ning]asebenzi [ngomhla we-15 okanye we-21, ning]aseli [utywala2, ning]atyi nantoni [na] eno [Kukho] igwele
[ukusukela ngomhla we-14 ekutshoneni kwelanga kude kube ngumhla
wama-21 weNis[an, iintsuku ezisixhenxe akufuneki libonakale phakathi kwenu. Ungalingenisi] endlwini yakho kodwa litywinelwe phakathi kwezi ntsuku. Ngomyalelo kaKumkani uDarius. Ku] bazalwana bam uYedoniah kunye namajoni aseYuda, umzalwana wenu uHanani[ah].
Inqaku 1. psh kwi-ostraca ezimbini ezivela e-Elephantine.
Inqaku 2. Umyalelo
oquka ibhiya ngumqulu osekelwe kwisithethe samaYuda.
Lo mthendeleko ngomyalelo kaDarius kunyaka wesihlanu wolawulo lwakhe kubo bonke abantu
bamaYuda kwanase-Elephantine
ngulo mthendeleko wePasika ekubhekiselwe kuwo kuEzira 6:13-22. Lo mthendeleko wenzeka ngomhla wokunikela iNtlango, nto leyo ngokweeleta zase-Elephantine eyayinokwenzeka ngo-419/8 BCE.
Unyaka wesihlanu kaDarius II yayingunyaka ongaphambi kokugqitywa kweTempile, kwaye kuyamangalisa ukuba amadoda nabafazi abali-123 ababengamagosa omkhosi amaYuda e-Elephantine ngomhla
wesi-3 wePhanenoth (inyanga
yekhalenda yamaYiputa) kunyaka wesi-5 baqokelela imali yeeshekeli ezimbini umntu ngamnye, eyayenza isixa esingangeekarash ezili-12 neeshekeli ezi-6. (ngama-shekel
angama-20 okukhanya nge-karash,
oku kungama-shekel
angama-246). Lo mnikelo wawunikelelwe
kuThixo, uYaho (Yah[o]weh).
Kuyathakazelisa ukuba abantu abangengawo amaYuda ababekweli qela lojoni nabo
babonakala ngathi banikele nge-7 karash ku-Ishumbethel, uthixo wesilisa wama-Aram, kunye ne-12 karash ku-Anathbethel, uthixo wesifazane owayefaniswa no-Anath, umfazi kaBaal.
Le mibutho yonyaka wesihlanu yayilingana nemibutho ekhethekileyo kwaye kusenokwenzeka ukuba yayiyeyokuhombisa iTempile eseYerusalem. Nokuba ezinye iiminikelo zaya kwezinye iindawo
eLevant kwiitempile zamahedeni okanye yayiyimibutho yokwakha iTempile egameni leenkolo zamaArame, sinokuqikelela kuphela. Nangona kunjalo, isenokuba luphawu lobungakanani abantu ababexubene ngabo nabantu bamaHentile, njengoko kwenzeka ngokwaziwa kwiEzira 9:1-4 kwaye kwaqhubeka kude kwaye kuNehemiya.
Into esiyaziyo yeyokuba ngomhla wama-20 kuMarheshwan, kunyaka we-17 kaKumkani uDarius, oko kukuthi ngowe-408 phambi kokuzalwa kukaKristu, kwathunyelwa ileta eYerusalem kuBagoas, iRhuluneli yakoYuda, echaza ngokulandelelana kweziganeko ezingobubuya buka-Arsames, obebuyele eMesopotamiya kukumkani. Emva kokuba u-Arsames ebuyele kuDarius, ababingeleli boThixo, uKhnub, okwisenqaba sase-Elephantine, wenza iyelenqe nomphathi-mkhosi oyintloko, uVidaranag, lokutshabalalisa iNdawo Engcwele kaYaho e-Elephantine. Unyana wakhe, uNefayan, owayelawula isenqaba yaseSyene, wabizwa waza wayalelwa ukuba atshabalalise iNdawo Engcwele e-Elephantine
"kwiNqaba kaYeb".
Yena namaYiputa kunye namanye amajoni
bangena baza batshabalalisa iTempile bayigqoboza emhlabeni baza baphula iintsika
zamatye kunye neesango ezinkulu ezintlanu kodwa bashiya iingcango zimi. Bathwala izitya zegolide nesilivere kunye nayo yonke eminye
imisebenzi yobugcisa.
Le leta ityhila
ukuba le Tempile yayiyiyo yodwa eyashiyeka imi olusukelweni lukaCambyses. UVidaranag wathi kamva wabulawa waza watyiwa zizinja.
Le leta ikwatyhila
ukuba xa le ntlekele yenzeka, kwathunyelwa ileta kuMbingeleli oMkhulu eYerusalem, obebizwa ngokuba nguYohanan, ngoko ke ngoku
siyazi ukuba uMbingeleli oMkhulu kunyaka wama-410 phambi koKristu yayinguYohanan. Oku kumisela ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo ukuba uDarius wasePeres ekuthethwa ngaye kuNehemia 12:22 yayinguDarius wesibini.
Ileta ikwatyhila ukuba babhalela u-Ostanes, umntakwabo ka-Anani, kunye nezikhulu zamaYuda. Aba bantu abakhulu abaphendulanga ("Abakaze batithumelele ileta."). AmaYuda ase-Elephantine ayenxibe ilaphu lokuzila ukutya yaye ayezila ukutya
ukusukela kuTammuz wonyaka we-14 kaDarius, oko kukuthi, ngo-411 BCE, ukuya kutsho kumhla
wale leta, oko kukuthi, ngo-408 BCE.
Bacela uncedo lokwakha ngokutsha iTempile yabo ngendlela
enomtsalane kakhulu, kwaye baxelela iRhuluneli ukuba babebhalele uDelaya noShelemiya, oonyana bakaSanbalat, iRhuluneli yaseSamariya. Kuyabonakala ukuba bafuna ukuba
bamcele uMlawuli ngabo. Lo Sanballat wayengumHoronite
okhankanywe kuNehemia 2:10 kwaye intombi yakhe
yayitshate nonyana kaYoyada, unyana kaEliashib, uMbingeleli oMkhulu.
Oku kwakumenze ukuba angasafaneleki kwisikhundla sakhe sokuba nguMbingeleli oMkhulu. U-Eliashib, uMbingeleli oMkhulu, wayesaphila ekubuyeni kukaNehemiya (Neh.
3:1), kodwa uJohanan wayesele elisebenzisa isikhundla sobubingeleli obukhulu ekubuyeni kukaEzira kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo ngo-410 BCE. Kunokugqitywa
kuphela ukuba u-Eliashib wayeyeyona ndala kumaBhingeleli aMakulu ayesaphilile ekubuyeni kukaNehemiya kwaye ke ngoko wayeyintloko
yobubingeleli, kodwa wayesele kudala ezincamisile imisebenzi kuJoyada waza kamva
wayidlulisela kuYohanan (ethatha indawo yomtshana wakhe) waza emva koko
wayidlulisela kuYaddua, obonakala ngathi walandela esihlalweni sobuphristi obuphezulu, ngokukaNehemia 12:22, kulawulo lukaDarius wasePeres (II).
INehimiya 12:22 ibonakala
yahlula ezi xesha zintlanu zibe ziinkulungwane ezimbini.
Inkulungwane yokuqala
yayiyeyamaxesha okukhonza ngemihla kaJoiakim, unyana kaJeshua, kwaye inkulungwane yangoku yayibizwa ngokuba "ziimini zikaNehemiya, iRhuluneli noEzra umbingeleli, umbhali". Oku kubonakala kuqinisekisa ngakumbi ukwahlulwa kwexesha malunga nobuphristi obuphakamileyo obuswelekileyo (oko kukuthi, uJoiakim
wayenguyise ka-Eliashib), kunye nexesha langoku
lobuphristi obuphilayo, obuquka u-Eliashib njengoyena mpristi mkhulu mdala ophilayo.
Ekubuyeni kuka-Ezra uJaddua akakhankanywanga; nguJehohanan kuphela obhalwe njengonegumbi, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba
wayesenguMbingeleli oMkhulu.
UJaddua ubonakala ebandakanyiwe kuNehemia 12:22 njengomntu owayephethe ububingeleli, nto leyo enokuba yayisesexeshana njengoko uNehemia wabandakanya bonke ababingeleli ukuya kutsho kulawulo lukaDarius wasePeres, ongathandabuzekiyo ukuba nguDarius II. U-Ezra ubhala ngokungathi uJohanan (okanye uJehohanan) noJaddua babengekho kwaye yena wahlala
kwigumbi likaJohanan ekubeni engabikho.
Imbono evela kwimithombo yebhayibhile neengeyiyo yeyokuba ubungqeralizikazi bahlukumezeka emva kweentsuku zikaJoiakim. U-Eliashib, uJohanan
noJaddua ababonakali ngathi bazinikele ngenkuthalo kwimisebenzi yabo. Ukungaphenduli kukaJohanan kumaYuda ase-Elephantine kunye nokungathathi nxaxheba kwimisebenzi kaEzira noNehemiya kubonisa ukuba babeziphosele iimbopheleleko zabo. Ukutshata kwabantu bezizwe, ukungcola, nokunyhashwa ziqinisekiswa ngakumbi ziileta ezivela eElephantine. Inqaku elinye libhale
ukuba uBagoas noDelaiah babhalela umkhosi waboya umyalelo wokuba uArsames aziswe ukuba iNtlango iza kwakhiwa ngokutsha
eElephantine, inyama yomnikelo nesincenso ziza kwenziwa edolophini
njengoko kwakusoloko kunjalo.
Akukho kukhankanywa
kwesibingelelo ukuze kungachaphazeli iimvakalelo zika-Arsames, umMazdean obekuya kujonga ukudibana komlilo nemizimba efileyo njengento engcwele. Kukwabhalwe ngokunxulumene nokuba amaYuda ase-Elephantine aphantsi koYedoniah ekugqibeleni kwanyanzeleka ukuba acele u-Arsames, ethembisa ukuba akusayi kubakho
mibingelelo etshiswayo eTempileni kunye nokuhlawulwa kwe-ardab ezilikhulu zengqolowa (imibhalo kuPritchard, ibid.).
Kubonakala ngathi
iTempile yagqitywa ngo-417
BCE. Abadala bobuphethembu bafa kwaza kwabakho
uhlobo lokuphelelwa yinkokelo, uEliashib, uJohanan noJaddua bengasebenzi kangako.
Into ebalulekileyo
ngala matsha-ntlola kukuba anika ubungqina
obuxhasayo bolwazi lweBhayibhile, kwaye abonisa ukuchaneka kweBhayibhile ngokwenene. Kwakhona abonisa ukuba isithethe somhla wokwakha ka-516 BCE asinakwenzeka.
Olunye ubungqina obuxhasayo obubalulekileyo bombhalo weBhayibhile bufunyanwa kwiiLeta zesiAramaic. UMibtahiah, intombi kaMahseiah, unyana kaYedoniah, wayetshate noPi, unyana kaPahi (Phy), umakhi weqaba laseSyene
apho uMahseiah wayekhonza kwiqela laseVarizata. Oku kubonisa umlinganiselo wotshato phakathi kwezizwe olwalusenzeka kude kube nguEzra noNehemiah.
Kwiminyaka yama-25 ka-Artaxerxes,
esi sibini sahlalukana kwaye isivumelwano sigcinwe phakathi kweeLeta zesiAramaic. UMibtahiah wanyanzelwa nokuba afunge ngothixokazi waseYiputa (uSati) ngenxa yokuqhawuka komtshato, kwaye ukwahlulwa kwesipho sakhe somtshato kuyarekhodiwe.
Utshabalalo lweTempile
yase-Elephantine lwalusisiqalo
lothotho lwezivukelo zamaYiputa ezichasene namaYuda, ezaqala ngo-410 BCE zaza zaqhubeka kude kube kulawulo
luka-Artaxerxes II, ojongana
nesiqhulo saseYiputa ekunyukeni kwakhe esihlalweni ngo-404 BCE; yaye
ngo-402 BCE waphulukana neYiputa.
Ngo-401 BCE walwa imfazwe yamakhaya ePersi, yaye kuyo yonke
le nto,amaYuda ahlala ethembekile, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba aphathwe kakuhle.
Intsomi yeMthetho
ka-Artaxerxes
IBhayibhile ayikhe
ikhankanye nawuphi na umthetho ka-Artaxerxes onxulumene nokwakhiwa kweTempile ngaphandle komthetho wokumisa ulwakhiwo, njengoko kubaliswe kuEzira 4: 23. Xa kwakukhutshwa ummiselo wokubonelela, iTempile yayisele yakhiwe, nokuba ummiselo wawukhutshwe nguXerxes I okanye nguArtaxerxes I okanye II. Kulo naluphi na uhlobo olwaziwayo kwimbali yamandulo, enoba yeyebhayibhile okanye engeyiyo, uArtaxerxes I akazange abekwe njengomntu owenza ummiselo owawunceda ekwakhiweni kweTempile okanye ekuboneleleni amaLevi. Le yinto eyasungulwa kutshanje.
Iingcali zezakwalizwi
ezithi ngu-Artaxerxes I, ingakumbi ngokunxulumene neentsuku ezingama-2,300 okanye kwiiveki ezingamashumi asixhenxe zeminyaka ekuDaniyeli 9:25 (apho kukho ingquzulwano yenguqulelo kwiKing James nezinye, kodwa iguqulelwe ngokuchanekileyo kwi-RSV), ziyenza impazamo.Apho iBhayibhile yahluka khona kwimithombo
yembali, ihlala ingqineka ichaneke ngakumbi njengoko ulwazi luyanda.
Iiveki Ezisixhenxe Zeminyaka
Ukubaluleka kwesiprofeto
seeveki ezisixhenxe zeminyaka kuDaniyeli 9:25-27 kukuba, xa sithathwa
kumyalelo kaDarius II, iphela ngo-70 CE, iqala ngokungqongwa kweYerusalem ngumkhosi kaTitus ngomhla woku-1 kuNisan, kwaye iqhubeka kude kube kuyintshabalalo
yeTempile ngo-70 CE – ngalo
naloo mini, ngokwesithethe,
eyawa ngayo kumaBhabhiloni (jonga inguqulelo kaMoffatt). Lo mcimbi uphela ngokuvalwa
kweTempile eseLeontopolis eYiputa (jonga ngezantsi).
Oweqala othiweyo nguNehemiah, owabuyisela umbingeleli weTempile ngonyaka wama-372 BCE (iiveki
ezisi-7 zeminyaka) waza wacoca iiSabatha waphinda waseka umthwalo wesithathu. Wagqibezela iindonga zeqokobhe leTempile neendonga zesixeko waza walungelelanisa
iJerusalem.
Owesibini othiweyo ngobulungiseleli beMesia. Noko ke, esi
siprofeto sithetha ngeYerusalem nangeNkonzo yeTempile, hayi ngamaxesha obulungiseleli bukaMesiya. Uxolelo lwesono nobulungisa obungunaphakade bezingenakuthathwa
njengezizisiweyo okanye zigqityiweyo ngelixa umthetho wezithethe wasenziwa. Ngoko ke, ukugqitywa kwesi siprofeto kwakuxhomekeke ekususweni okanye ekutshitshweni kwendawo yokunikela ngamxholo.
Kuba, ngelixa umbingelelo wawusasaqhubeka eTempileni, uMesia wayengakabi ngunaphakade okanye umbingelelo wakhe wawungekabizwa ngokuba uphelise ngokwenene umbingelelo wemihla ngemihla, nangona wawenziwa ngokufa kwakhe. Esi siprofeto asikaphelanga, kwaye asikokwiveki eyahlukileyo njengoko abanye besitsho, kodwa kungenxa yokuba isiphelo esimiswe ngomyalelo asikaphelelwa kuye oyonakalisayo, oko kukuthi, ulawulo lwamaRoma. Oku kuza kwenzeka, njengoko iSityhilelo sityhila, xa isixeko sitshatyalaliswayo
kwaye umbuso wesixhenxe/wesibhozo wookumkani abalishumi utshabalaliswa ekugqibeleni.
Ukuba ummiselo wawuthathwe ukusuka ku-516 BCE kulawulo lukaDarius 1 ukuba ulandele ngqo kwiiveki ezingama-70 zeminyaka, ngoko isiphelo sesiprofeto sasikukuba ngo-26 BCE, nto leyo ebonakala inganxulumene nanto. Ubukrestu bale mihla buzama
ukudibanisa lo mcimbi nonyaka ka-27 CE kwaye buqinisekise ukuba inkonzo kaKristu
yaqala ngoko, nto leyo engazange yenzeke.UJosephus uphazama ngokucacileyo malunga nokuqala, kwaye ukwandisa kwakhe isizukulwana samaKhaledi kubonakala ngathi kujolise ekwandiseni ulawulo lwabo ukuze
kulungelelaniswe imihla yookumkani basePeres, konike isiprofeto samaveki angama-70 eminyaka intsingiselo ethile kuSirayusi. Phakathi koonyana bakaZadok, amaveki angama-70 eminyaka ayentsingiselo eyahluke ngokupheleleyo enxulumene neminyaka yabantu, kodwa loo nto iphandle
komda walo msebenzi (jonga iSihlomelo ukuze ufumane uhlalutyo lukaJosephus).
Utshintsho lokwakhiwa
kweTempile ukusuka kuDarius II ukuya kuDarius I lubonakala luyinto eyenzelwe emva kwexesha likaKristu
(eyamkelwe nguJosephus) ezama ukuthomalalisa ukubaluleka kwesiprofeto seeveki ezingama-70 zeminyaka, kwaye mhlawumbi yeyona njongo ye-1 Esdras yobuxoki, enempazamo.
Iiveki ezingama-70 zeminyaka
azizange ziqale kulawulo lukaDarius I okanye kumthetho ongazange wabakho ka-Artaxerxes I, kodwa zisuka kuDarius II. Bubungqina obucacileyo bobuMesiya bukaKristu kwaye abufuni kudlala
ngamanani okungekho kwibhalo ngexesha leminyaka emithathu enesiqingatha okanye iminyaka esixhenxe engagqitywanga.
Uphawu lukaYona
Uphawu lukaYona yeyona nto ibalulekileyo kwinkonzo kaMesiya. UKristu watsho oku kuMateyu 12:39-40:
39Isizukulwana esikhohlakeleyo
nesenzakayo sifuna uphawu; kodwa akukho
phawu luya kunikwa sona ngaphandle
kwophawu lomprofeti uYona. 40Kuba njengoko uYona wayeentsuku ezintathu neehlobo ezintathu esiswini senkalam, ngoko ke noNyana woMntu
uya kuba iintsuku ezintathu neentsuku ezintathu embindini womhlaba. 41Amadoda aseNinewe aya kuvuka
ngomhla womgwebo kunesi sizukulwana, aze sisigwebe; kuba aziguqula ngenyaniso kaYona, kwaye, nanko, okungaphezulu
kunoYona ukhona apha. 42UkuKumkanikazi waseMazantsi
uya kuvuka ngomhla womgwebo kunesi sizukulwana, aze sisigwebe; kuba, nanko, okungaphezulu
kunoSolomoni ukhona apha.
Oku kuphindiwe kuLuka 11:29-32. KuLuka sibona ukuba uKristu
uthi kwivesi 30:
Kuba njengoko uYona waba luphawu
kumadoda aseNinewe, ngokunjalo uNyana woMntu uya kuba
luphawu kwesi sizukulwana.
Uphawu lukaYona belungeyiyo nje kuphela into yokuba
wayehle iintsuku ezintathu nobusuku obuthathu esiswini senkwala, kodwa wangena naseNineve, eyayiyohambo lweentsuku ezintathu ukuyiqatha, yaye, emva kohambo
losuku olunye esingena esixekweni, waprofeta eNineve. Yazisola emva kokunikwa iintsuku ezingama-40 zokwenza oko (Yona 3:3-10).
UKristu waqala inkonzo yakhe emva
kokuba uYohane uMbhaptizi eqalile ukufundisa. UYohane waqala ukufundisa kunyaka we-15 wolawulo lukaTiberias Caesar. Ngokusebenzisa
unyaka wesizwe oqala ngoTishri (Sept/Oct.) kunye nomhla
wolawulo lukaTiberius ukusukela ekufeni kuka-Augustus endaweni yesaziso seSenate, owona mhla wakudala
unokwenzeka koku ngowama-Oktobha 27 CE (jonga Ixesha Lokubethelwa Emnqamlezweni Nolovuko (No.
159)). Siyazi ukuba uYohane wayesele enexesha elithile ebhaptiza xa uYesu
weza kubhaptizwa nguye. Ngokukodwa, sinokuhlanganisa iintsuku ukusukela kubhaptizo lwakhe ukuya kutsho
kwiPasika ka-28 CE, ezibonakala
zizonke ziziintsuku ezimalunga namashumi amahlanu. KwiMateyu 4:17 siyazi ukuba uYesu
akazange aqalise inkonzo yakhe de uYohane wavalelwa entolongweni (Mat. 4:12) . KwiYohane
3:22 kuyacaca ukuba, emva kwePasika yowama-28 CE, uYesu nabafundi bakhe babethabathela eYuda (nangona uKristu ngokwakhe wayengathabatheli (Yoh. 4:2)). UYohane
wayengekafakwanga entolongweni
kwaye wayebhaptiza e-Aenon kufuphi neSalim (Yoh. 3:23-24). Ngoko ke, uKristu
akazange aqalise inkonzo yakhe de kwadlula iPasika ka-28 CE. UMkhristo ke waba
nenkonzo engaphantsi kweminyaka emibini. Xa idityaniswe nenkonzo kaYohane uMbhaptizi, ukubhaptiza kwakhe, kunye nokukhethwa kwabafundi, inkonzo yaba yiminyaka emibini enesiqingatha. Oku kwakusekelwe kumgaqo wonyaka-ngosuku wesiprofeto sikaYona.
Ezinye iicawa zanamhlanje zikholelwa ukuba inkonzo kaKristu
yayingeminyaka emithathu enesiqingatha nokuba wabethelelwa emnqamlezweni ngonyaka wama-31 CE. Ngokwembali kaYohane nabanye, kubonakaliswa iPhasika lika-30 CE
(jonga ixesha lokuNqunyulwa nokuVuka (No.
159)). Inkonzo yakhe yayingeminyaka
emibini (okanye iintsuku ezimbini zokuprofeta), ukusuka kwiPhasika lika-28 CE ukuya kwiPhasika lika-30 CE. Kwakukho amaphiko amabini angangeentsuku ezingama-50 okanye
ngaphezulu phambi kobhaptizo lwakhe kude kube yiPasika,
kunye neentsuku ezingama-50
ezingqonge uvuko lwakhe kude kube
yiPentekoste.
Xa kudityaniswa naleyo kaYohane uMbhaptizi, kumiselwa inkonzo engaphantsi kweminyaka emithathu (okanye iintsuku ezintathu zokuprofeta), ngokusiseko sonyaka-ngosuku kunye noYona. Inkonzo kaYohane uMbhaptizi ilingana nokuhamba kosuku olusinga esixekweni, kwaye inkonzo kaKristu yiprofeto yeentsuku ezimbini. Ukususela kubhaptizo lwakaKristu sibona ulingo lukaSathana
lweentsuku ezingama-40 entlango,
phambi kwePasika ka-28 CE nokuqala kwenkonzo kaKristu. Ulingo lukaSathana lweentsuku
ezingama-40 entlango lwalufana
ngendlela yalo nexesha elanikwa iNineve, kwaye uSathana wagwetywa.
Njengobungqina obucacileyo
benkonzo kaKristu, iJerusalem yanikwa unyaka-omnye-ngosuku xa ithelekiswa neNineve. Isigaba sesithathu seentsuku ezingama-40 sikaYuda saziiminyaka ezingama-40 ezaphela
ngentshabalalo epheleleyo yaseJerusalem ngowe-70 CE, iminyaka
engama-40 ukusukela ekufeni
kukaKristu, kuba ngokungafaniyo neNineve abazange bazisole – nangona banikwa uphawu olukhulu kunolukaYona eNineve.
Eyona nto ibalulekileyo ngomsebenzi kaYona yayikukuba yayijoliswe kumaHentile, kwaye nguye yedwa kwabaprofeti
bamaHebhere owenza ukuba amaHentile azisole. Oku kwakuyimboniselo yokuqala yendima kaMeshiya njengoko kwakubonisiwe nguIsaya 53. Ngokubandezeleka, kwakwabonakaliswa
neZibhalo zeHubo 22, uKristu wayesazi ukusetyenziswa kwezi Zibhalo. Wathetha amazwi eHubo 22 eselubhaxabeni waza wanika isaziso
ngomsebenzi wakhe kumaHleli kwiFani yoMlimi eMarko 12:1-9. Iinkomba zeeVangeli zeSynoptic zicaciswa kwiVangeli kaYohane, zibonisa ukuba uKristu wayejonge kwintlungu nokufa okwakuthi, njengembewu yengqolowa, kuzale isiqhamo esininzi kwaye "ndiza kutsalela bonke abantu kum" (Yoh. 12:32).
Ukuba amaFarisi namaSadusey bebeyamkela ukuba ukwakhiwa kweTempile kwenzeka phantsi kolawulo lukaDarius II, ngoko bekungenakuphepheka ukuba bagwetywe, kwaye ke ngoko baqulunqa
iintsimbi eziphosakeleyo nezigwenxisiweyo. Ukugwenxa kwamaKristu anamhlanje kweeveki ezingama-70 zeminyaka malunga no-Artakserxes I kuphikisana ngokupheleleyo noEzira noNehemiya, kwaye ngenxa yoko
baye balahlwa yiYuda. Iiveki ezingama-70 zeminyaka
zaphela kanye ekugqityweni kwexesha leminyaka engama-40 elalinikwe uYuda noYerusalem ukuze batende, liqala nge-1 Nisan 70 CE ukuya
kwi-1 Nisan 71 CE, ngexesha elo
iTempile yayisele itshatyalaliswe. Ukubhekisa kukaKristu eNineve nakuSolomoni kubonisa ukubaluleka kwexesha lokubakho kweTempile nokupheliswa kwamadini. iYerusalem yajikelezwa nge-1
Nisan yaza yaphangwa iTempile yatshatyalaliswa ngoSuku loXolelo lwama-70 CE. Kwakusekho inxalenye yolandelelwano engagqitywanga.
"Iiveki zeminyaka ezingama-70" zaqala
kunyaka wokuqala weJubilee entsha. Oko kwakukwangunyaka wesibini wolawulo lukaDarius II. Ekupheleni kweJubhilee kwabakho ukuVuselelwa kukaEzira noNehemiya (jonga iphepha elithi
UkuFunda uMthetho noEzira noNehemiya (No.
250)) .
Into engaqondwa
ngokubanzi yeyokuba amadini ayesathe saaqhubeka kwaYuda emva kokutshiswa kweTempile, kugqityezelwa isiprofeto esikwiHezekile 19:19.
Hezekile 19:19 Ngaloo mini kuza kubakho i-altari yeNkosi phakathi kwelizwe laseYiputa, nesibonda sayo esisemdeni wayo sibe sesebenzela
iNkosi. (KJV)
Kuyaqondakala ukuba
iTempile yayakhiwe eElephantine kwaye amadini aye aqhubeka
apho ngelixa iTempile yaseYerusalem yayitshatyalalisiwe ngenxa yokuphangwa kweYerusalem ngamaBhabhiloni. Le Tempile yaqhubeka isebenza ngokupheleleyo de yaphangwa emva kokuba iTempile
yaseYerusalem yayakhiwe ngokutsha ngolawulo lukaDarius II. EYerusalem ke yayaqhubeka njengeziko lonqulo lwaseTempileni phantse iinkulungwane ezimbini de kwaba kwinkulungwane yesibini phambi kokuzalwa kukaKristu. U-Isaya wayeprofetile ukuba iTempile iza kwakhiwa
eYiputa. Le profeto yayimalunga noMeshiya (Isaya
19:20) owayeza kukhulula iYiputa. Ngelo xesha babephantsi kolawulo lwamaRoma kwaye uMeshiya wayethunyiwe ngokwenene eYiputa ukuze akhuseleke
esengumntwana, aze azalisekise le profeto kunye naleyo eseHoseya,
ukuze abizwe ephuma eYiputa njengoNyana kaThixo kunye nowokuqala wakwaSirayeli.
Ulwakhiwo lweTempile
yokugqibela apho eYiputa luyarekhodiwe (kwinqanaba elinye lwabhalwa ngokungachanekanga
njengo-1 BCE) yi-Companion Bible
kwi-Appendix 81. Olu lwakhiwo
luyarekhodiwe nguJosephus (Antiquities of the Jews, 13.3.1-3; 6; The Jewish
Wars 7.10,3; and Against Apion
2.5). Isishwankathelo sesona,
ngenxa yemfazwe phakathi kwamaYuda namaSiriya, uMbingeleli oMkhulu, uOnias IV, wabalekela eAlexandria. Waxhasa ngenkuthalo iJiputa ichasene neSiriya. Wamkelwa apho nguPtolemy Philometor ngenxa yeso sizathu. Wenziwa
inkosana yamaYuda apho waza waba
ngu-Ethnarch no-Alabarch. Wacela imvume kuPtolemy
nakuCleopatra ukuba akhe iNtabaza apho,
ukuzalisekisa uIsaya. Wacela imvume yokuyizalisa
ngeendlovukazi zakhe nezinye iiLevi. Ileta ayibhalileyo kunye nempendulo yinkosi nenkosikazi zirekhodiwe kwi-Appendix engentla.
Itempile eseYerusalem
yayingcolisiwe kukubakho kwezithixo zamaGrike ezazibekwe khona nguAntiochus Epiphanes. IYerusalem
yaba yigrike kakhulu ngeli xesha
kwaye inkqubo yanyhashwa.
U-Onias wafika
eLeontopolis kwisithili saseHeliopolis okanye i-nome. Indawo yeTempile
yayiyindawo apho uSirayeli wayenokukhanya ezindlwini zakhe xa iYiputa yayikwimizimba.
Injongo apha yayikukumela uMeshiya owayeza kuba kukukhanya
ebumnyameni. ITempile yasebenza ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-200 ukusukela
ngo-160 BCE ukuya ku-71 CE, xa
yavalwa ngomyalelo kaVespasian. Le ndawo yayibizwa kwiLXX njengesixeko sokulunga ('ir-ha-zedek). AmaYuda
ayenomona omkhulu ngale Tempile aza
atshintsha oonobumba bamagama esixeko selanga ukuze afundeke
njengesixeko sentshabalalo
(cheres to heres).
Izixeko ezihlanu ekuthethwa ngazo kuIsaya 19:18 kusenokwenzeka ukuba yiHeliopolis, iLeontopolis, iDaphne, iMigdol neMemphis.
Ukuvalwa kweTempile
ngo-71 CE ngomyalelo kaVespasian
kuphelise esi sigaba seMphawu kaYona. Ngelixa umbingelelo wawuqhubekile
e-Elephantine ngexesha apho
iTempile yokuqala yayitshatyalalisiwe, uThixo akazange ayivumele le Tempile ukuba iphile
emva kwentshabalalo yeTempile eseYerusalem. Ngeli xesha, itempile
entsha yayiza kwenziwa ngamatye aphilayo kwaye igunya lalitshintshele kuYuda lwaya kwiCawe
esentlango. Eli nqanaba leMphawu kaYona lalijolise ekugwebeni iintlanga kangangama-40 eeJubilees.
Ukwenzela kwakuyekiswa kulo lonke eli
xesha leeJubilees
ezingama-40. Nabani na owakhe wazama
ukuphinda azise ukwenzela uye wabulawa
okanye watshatyalaliswa.
Oku kwagqibezela iiveki ezingama-70 zeminyaka kunye nexesha elabelweyo
leTempile yesibini. Uphawu lukaYona nalo lwagqitywa, kwaye iTempile yesithathu ukusukela ngeli xesha yasuswa
eYerusalem yaza yasasazwa.
Itempile yesithathu,
okanye iNdawo yokuhlala yesine, yayiza kwakhiwa ngamabhulorho ngamanye aBantwana bakaThixo abazalwe ngoMoya. Ukubaluleka kwale nto kufumaneka kuZekariya 3:8-10 nakoZekariya 4.Ukususela kwivesi
8, kubhengezwa ukuza koMthambo kwaye amehlo asixhenxe aphrofetwa (ziziinkwenkwezi ezisixhenxe eziseKubhalweni lwezathi 2:1). Ukusukela ekuzeni kukaKristu, oza "kususa ingozi yaloo ndawo
ngosuku olunye", sibona uphuhliso ngeZekariya 4:1-3 lwexesha elisixhenxe leCawa, kunye nemithi emibini
ye-oliva. Le mithi mibini ye-oliva ziZithunywa ezimbini ezithanjisiweyo kwaye zikhupha i-oli kuzo ngemibhobho emibini yegolide (Zek. 4:12) . Ngoko ke itempile
yesithathu yeMoya kaThixo kwaye, ngenxa yoko, iza
kuzalisekisa zonke izinto nge-oli yeMoya kaThixo. Kuba ubabalo lunikwe yona (Zek. 4:7), kwaye kuZekariya 4:6 sibona ukuba zonke izinto
zizalisekiswa ukusukela ngelo xesha ukuza
kuthi ga ngoku, "hayi ngamandla, hayi ngokuqina, kodwa ngomoya wam, utsho
uYehova wemikhosi".
Ngenxa yoko itempile yesibini, okanye itabernakile yesithathu, yayinethuba elilinganiselweyo kwaye kwanyanzeleka ukuba yenzululwe indawo yitempile yesithathu neyomoya, itabernakile yesine, yezibane ezisixhenxe eziyiyo, njengoko sisazi kwiSityhilelo 2 no-3, amaxesha asixhenxe eBandla. La maxesha athiywa ngamagama eendawo ezahlukileyo kwiYerusalem kwaye aqala e-Efese
njengexesha lase-Efese.
Noko ke, ukususela ngonyaka wama-70 CE intliziyo yakwaYuda yaba litye kangangokuba
abayiqondanga inkcazelo yayo. Kuyenzeka ngokulinganayo ukuba iinkokeli zerabhi zaloo mihla zayiqonda
ngokupheleleyo inkcazelo yesi siprofeto kwaye zazingxolisiwe siso. Ukusukela ngoko, ukuyilwa kwebali lokwakhiwa kweNtsonga ngolawulo lukaDarius I kwaqala ukufihla inkcazelo yalo mbandela.
Ulandelelwano lokugqibela
loMphawu kaYona lwaluza kubandakanya iiyubhile ezingamashumi amane, esiyibona kubomi bukaMoses yayisigaba sesithathu nesokugqibela esalathiswa yiminyaka engamashumi amane entlango yakwaSirayeli phambi kokuba ithathe ilifa layo. Le minyaka ingamashumi amane yayingumzekelo wamaJubhile angamashumi amane. IJubhile yokuqala yayiza kubandakanya ukuzalwa kukaKristu nokulungiselela inkonzo yakhe. UYohane uMbhaptizi waqala inkonzo yakhe kunyaka weJubhile
wama-27 CE, othe, ekubeni lonyaka we-15 kaTiberias, ngoko ke kumele
ukuba ibikwinyanga ka-Okthobha. Kungoko ke ukubaluleka apha kukuba waqala
xa kwakuvakala umkhwebi weJubili. Njengoko sibonile, umfuziselo wokubuyiselwa kukaYosia wawukunyaka wokuqala weJubili entsha. Kukanye le nto uKristu wayenzayo. Waqala inkonzo yakhe ngo-28 CE emva kwePasika. Ngaloo ndlela iijubiliyeni
ezingamashumi amane zithatha iMphawu kaYona ziye kutsho
ekusekweni kweNkulungwane yokuQala kunyaka wokuqala weJubiliyeni entsha ngoMatshi/Apreli 2028 CE. Ulandelelwano lweminyaka engamashumi amathathu luphakathi kuka-1997
no-2027.
Indlela Engachanekanga
Ukuhlala kwengqondo
kweengcali zezakwalizwi zamaProtestanti kumyalelo ka-Artaxerxes kuvela kwimizamo yokunxulumanisa isiprofeto nokuguqulelwa kakubi kweDaniel 9: 25 kwi-King James Version. Ngasekupheleni
kweminyaka yoo-1830, uWilliam
Miller wakhetha olu suku njengosuku lokuqala lwesiprofeto seentsuku eziyi-2,300. Kuyamangalisa
ukuba kutheni yena nabanye benza
le mpazamo. Ukuqala kwesiprofeto kuchazwe kuDaniyeli njengokuqala ngexesha apho indawo
engcwele iyanotywa ngenyawo kwaye nembethelo eqhubekayo etempileni iyasuswa. Oku akuzange kwenzeke ukusukela, okanye kungqamane, nayiphi na imimiselo yokwakha okanye ummiselo wokubonelela. UMiller wayephazama kakhulu kwaye ukudlalwa ngale mphefumlelo emva koHlaziyo lweCawa kuye kwaba
ngumthombo wentshisekelo.
Ukudibanisa iNtshumayelo
yeeNtsuku eziyi-2,300
Elona xesha lakudala elinokuba sisiqalo sesiprofeto yayiLidabi laseGranicus ngo-334
BCE, laza laqhubeka de kwaba kukuhlaselwa kweJerusalem nokungcwaliswa kweTempile nguPtolemy (Soter) ekupheleni konyaka ka-302 BCE.
Oku kubeka ukugqitywa kwesiprofeto, kwelona xesha lakudala, ukususela ku-1967 ngokudityaniswa
kweJerusalem kude kube sekupheleni kuka-1998. Njengoko ileyona ntsuku inokwenzeka kakhulu, oku kuthetha
ukuba yonke into iza kugqitywa
ukusukela ngo-1999. Abanye banxulumanisa
ukuyekiswa kwesibingelelo semihla ngemihla no-Antiochus Epiphanes ngo-167 BCE, nto leyo
enokubeka ukugqitywa kwayo kunyaka ka-2133 okanye 2134, kodwa oku akungayi kuhambelana
neDaniel 12 okanye iSityhilelo. Ngokufanayo, umhla ka-197 BCE unokukhokelela kumhla ka-2108.
Ngo-197 BCE, iYuda yaba liphondo loBukhosi
bamaSeleucid, abangabalandeli
baseMpuma baka-Alexander, apho wavela khona
uAntiochus Epiphanes. USeleucus
IV waqalisa ukungenelwa kwezenkolo zamaGrike okwathandabuza nguMbingeleli oMkhulu wamaZadoki, uOnias III.
Jonga amaphepha iKufika koMshumayeli: iCandelo I (No.
210A) kunye neKufika koMshumayeli: iCandelo II (No.
210B); jonga kwakhona kunye nothotho lwe-WWIII (No. 141A_2), (No. 141B), (No. 141C), (No. 141C_2), (No.141C_3),
(No. 141D), (No. 141E), (No. 141E_2), (No.141F), (No. 141F_2), (No. 141G), (No. 141H), kunye (No. 299A), (No. 299B), (No. 299C).
Isiphelo seVeki
zeMinyaka ezingama-70
Isiphelo sesiprofeto seeveki zeminyaka ezingama-70 kunye neenkcukacha ezingqonge intshabalalo yeTempile ngo-70 CE zifuna uhlalutyo olucokisekileyo ukuqinisekisa ukuqonda okufanelekileyo.
Ulawulo lwamaYuda phezu kweTempile lwamkelwa lwaye lwaxhaswa ngamaRoma. Imithetho ethintela amaHentile ukuba angene kwiinkunzi zangaphakathi zeTempile yayixhaswa ngamaRoma kwaye isohlwayo yayikukufa, nokuba wayengumRoma. AmaRoma aqinisekisa igunya lamaYuda lokugweba kwisigwebo sentambo, kwanakwabo bengengawo amaYuda. Kwakungenxa yesi sizathu le nto uPawulos kwanyanzeleka ukuba abhenele kuMlawuli-zwe (IZenzo 25:9-12) kwaye yaba kuphela
kwesi sizathu esathintela uFestus ekuphatheni uPawulos ngokomthetho wamaYuda.
Ukusuka kwincwadi ka-Emile Schürer ethi The History of the
Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ (Vol. 1, 111.2, T&T Clarke Ltd,
Edinburgh, 1973), unqulo lwamaYuda
aluzange lwanyamezelwa nje kuphela kodwa
lwalukhuselwe nguRhulumente
wamaRoma. Kwaye ulawulo lukaRhulumente lweTempile, ingakumbi kwezemali yayo, lwenzeka ukusukela ngonyaka we-6 ukuya kowe-41 CE (ibid., Vol. 1, amaphe.
377-379).
Ukususela ngo-44 CE ukuya
ku-66 CE ulawulo lwadluliselwa
kuHerode waseChalcis waza emva koko
lwafakwa kuAgrippa II
(ibid., Vol. l, pp. 377,472). Umfanekiso kaMlawuli-zwe
wakhutshwa kwanakwiziphunzi
zaseRoma (ibid., p. 380).
AmaYuda ayekhululwa
nakwinkonzo yomkhosi ukunqanda ungquzulwano neMibhiyozo neSabatha (op. cit., Vol. I, pp. 362-363; Vol. II, pp. 474-475; Vol. III,
pp. 22-23,120-121). UYuda wahlala
uyiwunithi yolawulo kude kube ngunyaka
wama-70 CE, enorhulumente wayo
wesithili.
Kude kube kuphuma iMfazwe yamaYuda ngo-66 CE, umkhosi waseRoma eCaesarea wawunamajoni angamaSiriya aseCaesarea naseSebastene ubukhulu becala. Ngo-66 CE, uVespasian wakwazi ukubhalisa emkhosini wakhe, iikohoti ezintlanu kunye ne-ala enye yamahashe
asuka eCaesarea (ibid.,
vol. I, p.364) ezifana nezo
zazimi apho ngo-44 CE.
Amajoni kwiZenzo 27:1 malunga
nonyaka wama-60 CE isenokuba
yayiyenye yee-cohorts ezintlanu ekhankanywe nguJosephus kwi-The Antiquities of the Jews, iNcwadi XX, 8,7, apho athe ukuphazamiseka
phakathi kwamaYuda namaSiriya kwagqibela ngokubangela imfazwe.
Ulwakhiwo lokugqibela
kwiTempile lwalusongobumba kwindawo ephezulu yeso sakhiwo, olwalusecaleni
kwangaphakathi kwesibaya esisentshona, ukuze uAgrippa angaboni kwisibaya sangaphakathi ngexesha lezithethe (Schürer,
vol. I, p. 475) Utshabalalo lolu
donga lwathintelwa ngokubhenela kuNero nangentethelelo kaPoppea, umfazi kaNero. Ngelo xesha ubuphondo
bobuphristi obuphezulu, obabunyulwe ngu-Agrippa, baqala ukuthimba iminikelo yeshumi kwaye abapristi abangamahlwempu bafa yindlala (ibid., amaphe. 465,
468-470).
Ngo-62 CE, olu lwakhiwo lwokugqibela kwiTempile lwalugqityiwe kwaye ukususwa kwezibhabhatho kwamiselwa njengesiqhelo ngabatyunjwa baka-Agrippa, kuqalela ku-Ananus.
Iimiyalelo zikazwilakhe
ezafunyanwa ngamaSiriya kuNero ngokukrexeza uBeryllus, umbhali kaNero owayephethe ngokunxulumene neencwadi zesiGrike, zatyhalela kakhulu amaYuda (ibid., p. 467). Ukususela ngonyaka wama-62 CE, phantsi koMbingeleli oMkhulu uAnanus, umntu okhethwe ngu-Agrippa, abaninzi kubabingeleli babulawa.
UMbingeleli oMkhulu
weNdawo yokuhlala yesine okanye iTempile
yesithathu, uYakobo, uBhishophu waseYerusalem, umntakwabo Yesu Krestu, wabulawa (ibid., p. 468). Oku kwakubonisa
isiphelo sobupadre beTempile eYerusalem kunye nesiphelo seeveki ezingama-62 zeminyaka. Umlawuli omtsha, u-Alineyo (62-64 CE), wayengendawo kakhulu, ephanga imali yomphakathi neyabucala, kuquka nequmbi lemali.
Ukususela ngeli xesha, ubupriyestha obuphezulu baba likhusi lazigebenga. Omnye uMpriestha oMkhulu, uYesu unyana kaDamnai, wangena kwidabi elikhulu esitratweni nomlandeli wakhe, uYesu unyana kaGamalieli,
kuba wayengafuni ukuyeka iNkonzo Engcwele (ibid.,
p. 469). Xa uAlbinus wabuyiswa
emva, wabulala izaphuli-mthetho ezinkulu waza wakhulula zonke iintlawulwa – eshiya iintolongo zingenamntu ilizwe laza lazala ngamagorha.
Umlandelwa wakhe, oyokugqibela kubaphathi, uGessius Florus (64-66 CE), naye wayengoyena wumbi, engoyena mfo wankohlakalo
wakhe waba sesikhundleni. Waphanga izixeko ezipheleleyo waza wavumela ubusela
ukuba buhambe ngokukhululekileyo (ibid., p. 470).
Ngo-64 CE uNero wabhengeza ukuhlukunyezwa kwamaKristu eRoma, kwaye ngokwesithethe uPetros noPawulos baba ngamangqina kaThixo ababulawa ngenxa yokholo. "Isivumelwano nabaninzi" esichasene namaYuda namaKristu sasixhaphakile. Ngo-68 CE indlu yamandla eQumran yatshatyalaliswa, kwaye noNero woyiswa esihlalweni sobukhosi.
Abavukeli baqalisa umkhwa wokuthimba abefundisi ukuze batshintshiselane ngamabanjwa, yaye ngo-66 CE abasemagunyeni, kunye namaSiriya nabanye, baqalisa isenzo esathi saba
yiMfazwe yamaYuda.
Ukususela ngomhla
woku-1 kuNisan 70 CE, iYerusalem
yajikelezwa. NgeSuku loXolelo lweSono lika-70 CE iTempile yatshatyalaliswa, kwaye ukusukela kuXolelo lweSono luka-70 CE akubangakhoTempile okanye idini nesisongelo de kwaba sekupheleni kwemfazwe ngo-73 CE ngokuwela kweMasada. Eli xesha leliya kubhekiselwa kulo nguDaniyeli 9:27.
Kwathatha ixesha elingangeenyanga ezisixhenxe, isihlwele sabantu sayeka ukwenza inkolo yaso, oko
kukuthi ukusukela ngonyaka wama-63 CE ukuya
kowama-70 CE, ngenxa yokungcoliswa
kweTempile nokuphangwa kwesibhozo nokusweleka kwababingeleli. La mazwi athi 'kwisiqingatha salexesha, amadini neminikelo ziya kuphela' ngokubanzi athathwa njengokubhekisa kwisiqingatha sexesha leenyanga ezisixhenxe, kodwa mhlawumbi abhekisa kwixesha elalandela intshabalalo ukusukela ngonyaka wama-70 -73 CE
xa isizwe saqhubeka sokulwa kodwa singenayo iTempile okanye idini. Ngaloo ndlela,
Iiveki ezingamashumi asixhenxe zeminyaka ngokucacileyo sisiprofeto esagqitywayo. Emva kokufa kukaYakobo kwaye phambi kwentshabalalo
ngo-70 CE, iCawa yabaleka isuka eYerusalem yaya ePella (ibid., p. 498 kunye nengxelo 65) kuba babezazi kwisiprofeto
ukuba isiphelo sale nkqubo siza
kwenzeka kwaye iNtsambo elandelayo yeecawa ezisixhenxe, eyesine yeeKerubhu ezigqumayo zikaHezekile (Hezek 1:15),
yayiza kuqala. Ukusuka kwiNdumiso 6:6, uSolomoni wayebonise ukuba isenokuhlala iminyaka engamawaka amabini. Uphawu lukaYona lwaza lwangena kwisigaba salo esilandelayo nesingaqondwa kakuhle, iXesha lamaHlabelo. Oku kwakuzakuhlala iJubilees ezingamashumi amane de kubuye uMesia kwaye
kuqale iNkulungwane ekubhekiselwe kuyo kuTyhilelo 20:4.
Icawe phantsi koSymon, umtshana woMesiya, yabuyela eYerusalem malunga nonyaka wama-72 CE yaza yaseka iicawe zamaDesposyni
okanye abo bangabakaNkosi, yaza yabonelela ngeebhishophu kwiicawe zase-Asiya naseYiputa amashumi eminyaka amaninzi de iRoma yazibeka endaweni yazo ngamaGrike.
Umntu angabuza lo mbuzo: "Ngesenzeke ntoni ukuba amaYuda ayephendule?"
Impendulo ifumaneka kwisalathiso sikaSirayeli entlango apho iintlola
okanye amangqina bathunyelwa khona ukuba baye hlola
iLizwe eliThenjiweyo. Kuthunyelwa indoda enye kwisizwe ngasinye.
UHoshea unyana kaNun wayesuka kwaEfrayim waza wabizwa ngokuba nguYoshuwa nguMoses (Num.
13:8,16). Bathunyelwa besuka
eZin, babuya ekupheleni kweentsuku ezingamashumi amane (Num. 13:25).
Balaqhaba ukuthatha ilifa labo, bengafakazi
ngenani lempumelelo yelifa labo – bonke
ngaphandle kukaYoshuwa noKalebhi (Num. 14:6-7). Akukho namnye umntu ongaphezu
kweminyaka engamashumi amabini owayekhalaza ngoThixo owavunyelwa ukungena eMhlabeni oThembisiweyo ngaphandle kukaYoshuwa noKalebhi. Abantwana banikwa iminyaka engamashumi amane entlango njengabafuyi abalahlekileyo behlawula isohlwayo sokungathembeki kwabo. Oku kwakumela uYuda noLevi ngexesha likaMesiya.
Iintsuku ezingamashumi
amane zobungqina zaba ngamashumi amane eminyaka oMqondiso kaYona ukusuka kuMesiya ukuya kutsho ekutshoneni
kweTempile. Amashumi amane eminyaka entlango aba ngamashumi amane eeJubilees zokukhangela de kwafika isibini.
UYuda wayenokuguquka
size singeniswe phantsi kobunkokeli bakhe. Abazange babuye emva, kwaye
uThixo wayesazi ukuba abazukubuya emva. Thina ke sabizwa phantsi kweemeko ezahlukileyo. Noko ke, uYuda
uza kunikwa ukubuya emva kungekudala.
Isihlomelo A
UMmiselo kaSayirasi
noKumkani baseKhaledi ngokukaYosefu
Iimbali ezininzi ziye zaxakeka ngokungqina
ukuba isiprofeto seeveki ezingama-70 zeminyaka sinxulumene nenkonzo kaKristu – ngandlela ithatha isigqibo ngokuqala kwayo kwaye ngandlela ishiya iminyaka eyi-3½ eseleyo yexesha lokuphela. Ngomdla ongachanekanga, abanye abaguquleli baye bayilungisa ngendlela ethile iDaniel 9:25-27 kangangokuba isityholo sobuqhophololo singafanelanga sisetyenziswe. Mhlawumbi eyona nguqulelo ithembekileyo yile kaMoffatt.
Yazi ke, uqonde,
ukuba phakathi kokuphuma komyalelo wovakaliso wokuhlalisa kwakhona nokwakha iJerusalem, kunye nokungcwaliswa kweMbingeleli eNkulu ePhakamileyo, kuza kudlula iiveki
ezisixhenxe zeminyaka; kwisithuba seeveki ezingamashumi amathandathu anesibini zeminyaka iza kwakhiwa ngokutsha,
kunye neesikwere neendlela zayo; ekugqibeleni, emva kweeveki ezingamashumi amathandathu anesibini zeminyaka, imbingeleli engcwalisweyo iza kunqunyulwa, ingashiyi mntu oza kulandela;
isixeko nendawo engcwele ziya kutshabalaliswa
kunye nergqirha ongcwele, kwaye ke ukuwa kuza
kungena ngokugeleza kwemfazwe kude kube sekupheleni.
Kwiveki yeminyaka isihlwele sabantu siya kuyeka ukwenza
inkolo yaso; kwisiqingatha sale xesha amadini nemibingelelo
iya kuphela, kwaye endaweni yoko kuza kubakho
inkohlakalo eyoyikekayo, de
ekugqibeleni isigwebo esimisiweyo siwele kule nkohlakalo ingcwele.
Qaphela ukuba ukuthanjiswa komntu oyingcwele kubonakala kuyindibano entsha yobupadede, kulandele intshabalalo yaseYerusalem neTempile nokunqunyanyiswa kwesibingelelo.
Nangona kungabazeki
ukuba yayikukubethelelwa kukaKristu emnqamlezweni okwakuthethwa ngako kwivesi 24, isiprofeto ngokucacileyo asixhalabele ngenkonzo yakhe kodwa endaweni yoko sijolise ekuzalisekisweni
kwaso kwintshabalalo yeTempile.
Uluhlu lweenkosi zaseKhaledi ukuya kutsho kuKoresi wasePeres lwakhiwe ngokutsha, kwaye nemihla eyamkelwe kwiCanon kaPtolemy nayo ifakwe ukuze
inike ulwazi.
UJosephus ukwabhala ukuba uNehemiah wanikwa umsebenzi wakhe nguXerxes kunyaka wakhe wama-25 nokuba iindonga zagqitywa kwiminyaka emibini neenyanga ezine, zaza zaphothulwa
kunyaka wama-28 kaXerxes.
Ngelishwa, imihla enikwe uXerxes kusetyenziswa uPtolemy isusela ku-486 ukuya ku-464 BCE –
ixesha leminyaka engama-22.
Nokuba iinguqulelo azichanekanga, uJosephus uyaphazama okanye, okunokwenzeka kakhulu, bonke baphazama. Iinkosi kuphela ezaziwayo ukuba zaba lawulo
ngaphezu kweminyaka
engama-25 nguDarius I noArtaxerxes
I no II.
Noko ke, kuvela umhla onika
umdla kakhulu, ukuba sithatha umhla kaKoresi osusela ekwakhiweni kukaNebhakadenetsare kumhla owamkelweyo ka-605 BCE size songeze ulandelelwano lweziganeko lukaJosephus lweenkosi zaseKhaledi. Oku kukhokelela kumthetho kaKoresi ngonyaka ka-464 BCE.
Iiveki ezingamashumi asixhenxe zeminyaka ukusukela kulo mhla ziphelela ekupheleni konyaka wama-27 CE. UYohane uMbhaptizi waqala inkonzo yakhe ekupheleni kwalo nyaka. Unyaka
okanye emibini ngaphambi okanye emva komhla wokuqala
kuyavunyelwa. Ingxaki ngale
nto, nangona kunjalo, yile yokuba imihla
yokugqibela yokumkani wasePeres, xa kusetyenziswa
iCanon kaPtolemy kunye nemihla eyamkelweyo
ngokubanzi efumaneka kwiitshathi ezininzi zexesha leBhayibhile, yi-260 BCE
– nto leyo ebeka uloyiso luka-Alexander iminyaka engama-72 emva kwexesha. Ubude bobukhosi basePeres busenokuba budedengede, okanye, eneneni, umhla wokuqala usenokuba unempazamo ngeminyaka embalwa.
Inyaniso yeyokuba iCanon kaPtolemy ingqineka ilungile, nomhla ka-605 BCE umiselwe ngokwezazi ngeenkwenkwezi. Nangona kunjalo, kunokwenzeka ukuba iiveki ezingama-70 zeminyaka, kusetyenziswa imihla kaJosephus yokumkani waseChaldean, iphele ngexesha likaKristu. Akukho sigaba apho,
xa kusetyenziswa naziphi na iindibaniselwano ezinokwenzeka, uKoresi Artaxerxes
I (Longimanus) anokubonakala
engukumkani ekuqaleni kwemihla.
Itheyibhile yemihla
eyakhiwe nguJosephus ayichanekanga kwaye iyaphikisa isiprofeto seBhayibhile. UJosephus usebenzisa isakhiwo sobuYuda basemva koBukhaya. NgokukaJosephus, kwakukho iminyaka engama-96 ukusukela kwisiganeko sikaNebhakadenetsare ngakumaYuda,
esenzeka kunyaka wakhe wama-23, de kwabakho ummiselo kaSayili. Ngesi sizathu sodwa,
uJosephus kufuneka angahoywa kwaye itoliko yokuqala iyaxhaswa.
Nokuba kusetyenziswa
siphi na isiqalo, akukho xesha leminyaka
esixhenxe apho iminyaka emithathu enesiqingatha ishiyeke ingaqinisekanga ukuba izakwenzeka nini na phambi kokubuya kukaKristu, kwaye noDaniyeli akakhe abonise ukuba kuza
kubakho iveki eyahlukileyo okanye elinye ixesha leveki.
Ixesha elimisiweyo alikuvumeli
oko. UDaniyeli ukhankanya ngokucacileyo ukuba ekupheleni kwelo xesha, kuba
kwiveki yeminyaka, isihlwele sabantu siya kuyeka ukwenza
inkolo yaso kwaye, kwisiqingatha salexesha, imibingelelo neminikelo iya kupheliswa.
Uphononongo lwentshabalalo
yaseYerusalem neTempile lubonisa ukuba esi siprofeto sagqitywa
ngonyaka we-70 CE.
Abanye bafundisa ukuba isiphelo esimiselweyo siya kugalelwa kwindlavini iminyaka emi-3½, oko kukuthi, ixesha leentlekele zomsindo kaThixo kwiNtshumayelo. Nangona ixesha leminyaka emi-3½ yeentlekele zomsindo kaThixo liza kwenzeka, ukuzama ukuzinxulumanisa nesi siprofeto yingxoxo ethandabuzekayo kakhulu. Abanye bafundisa ukuba ixesha leveki
yeminyaka ligcinelwe ixesha lokuphela. Ngokuqinisekileyo akukho nxaso lalo naluphi
na olu hlobo lweengxoxo. Ukuba umntu wayephakathi eYerusalem kwisithuba seminyaka emi-3½ ukuya kuthi ga ku-70 CE, mhlawumbi ngeyazi ngakumbi ngokuchaneka kwesi siprofeto nokusilela kwalo mbono ungentla.
(Jonga kwakhona iphepha elithi Imfazwe neRoma noKuwa kweTempile (No.
298).)
OOKHOSI IMINYAKA IMIHLA
KINGS
|
YEARS
|
DATES |
|
|
|
|
|
Nebuchadnezzar (Nabopollassar) |
21 |
622 BCE (Start date not according
to Josephus but years of reign are.) |
|
Nebuchadnezzar |
43 |
605-562 BCE |
|
Evil Morodach |
18 |
562-522 BCE |
|
Neglissor |
40 |
522-482 BCE |
|
Labosordacus |
9/12 |
482- ? BCE |
|
Baltasar (Naboandelus) |
17 |
465- ? BCE |
|
Cyrus (of Darius) |
10 |
465-455 BCE (Construction of Ptolemy’s Canon) |
|
Cambyses |
7 |
455-448 BCE |
|
Darius I |
36 |
448-414 BCE |
|
Xerxes |
22 |
414-392 BCE |
|
Artaxerxes |
41 |
392-351 BCE |
|
Xerxes II |
- |
351 BCE |
|
Darius II |
19 |
351-332 BCE |
|
Artaxerxes II |
46 |
332-286 BCE |
|
Artaxerxes III |
20 |
286-266 BCE |
|
Darius III |
6 |
266-260 BCE |
Uluhlu lweencwadi
Ibhayibhile eQhelekileyo
(uHlobo oluHlaziyiweyo oluNgqongqo), Collins, 1973.
Herodotus, The Histories, inguqulelo ngu-A. de Selincourt (Burns Rev.), Penguin, 1983.
Josephus, Complete Works, inguqulelo nguWilliam Whiston,
Kregel Publications, 1981.
Emile Schürer, The History of the Jewish
People in the Age of Jesus
Christ (175 BC - 135 AD), IiVolumu I ukuya kweyesi-III, ihlaziywe nguVarnes noMillar, T&T Clarke Ltd, 1958.
James B. Pritchard, The Ancient
Near East - An Anthology of
Texts and Pictures, Princeton, 1958.
Isihlomelo B
Udonga lwaseNtshona
lwaseYerusalem
Udonga lwaseNtshona,
okanye olwaziwa njengoDonga lokuNciniba, yiyo yonke into
eseleyo yoodonga bakudala beTempile kaHerode namhlanje.
Izinto zakudala ezisandul' ukufunyanwa ezinomhla wonyaka we-16 AD, ezifunyenwe phantsi koMdiba waseNtshona weJerusalem, zibonisa ukuba kwathatha ixesha elide kakhulu
ukuyakha kunokuba kwakucingelwa ngaphambili. Kwakucingelwa ukuba lo mdiba wakhiwa
waza wagqitywa nguKumkani Herode phambi kokuba asweleke
ngo-4 BCE. Noko ke, ukufunyanwa kwezi zinto zakudala kuqinisekisa imibhalo yembali yamaYuda yenkulungwane yokuqala, uJosephus, othe le projekthi yagqitywa kwiminyaka elishumi emva kokusweleka kukaHerode.
UFlavius Josephus wabhala ukuba uHerode waqala
ukwakha ngokutsha nokwandisa indawo yeNtlambo yeTempile kunyaka we-18 wolawulo lwakhe. UJosephus waphinda wabhala ukuba yayiyiprojekthi enkulu kakhulu kwaye yayijongene nokuba sisikhumbuzo esingunaphakade sikaHerode
(Josephus: Antiquities of the Jews, 15,11,1-7; Wars of the Jews, 5,5,1-8).
[Kubonakala ngathi eyona nxalenye
inkulu yokwakha ngokutsha kukaHerode yagqitywa phambi kokusweleka kwakhe ngo-4 BCE, kodwa umsebenzi kule projekthi waqhubeka ixesha elide kakhulu. Ebhala emva kokutshiswa
kweTempile ngo-70 A.D., uJosephus
wabhala ukuba umsebenzi kwiNtlambo yeTempile wagqitywa nguKumkani uAgrippa II, umzukulwana kaHerode, kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini phambi kokuba yonke le ndawo itshiswe. Xa uYesu watyelela iTempile ngexesha lePasika amaYuda aphawula ukuba itempile yayisele ikwiminyaka engama-46 isakhiwa ngelo xesha (Yoh. 2:20).]
Unjingalwazi waseYunivesithi
yaseHaifa uRonny Reich, ingcali yezembali yomhlaba esebenza kule ndawo, uthe
oku kufunyanwa kwembali yomhlaba kubonisa ukuba imisebenzi yaseNtabeni yeTempile yaqhubeka ixesha elide emva
kokusweleka kukaHerode.
Bona inqaku elivela ku-Izzy Lemberg, we-CNN
Novemba 25, 2011 – Ihlaziyiwe
ngo-0133 GMT (0933 HKT)