Iicawa zamaKristu zikaThixo

Inombolo 156

Ikhalenda kaThixo

(Uhlelo 5.0 19960316-20000320-20070724-20080103-20160508)

Ikhalenda ebekwe nguThixo yaqaliswa ekudalweni. Ayixhomekekanga kumntu okanye kulo naluphi na uhlobo lokuqaphela ukumisela. Yayisebenza ngexesha lonke leNqaba laseSirayeli kwaye ayifani nekhalenda eqatshelwa ngamaYuda namhlanje. AmaKristu anyanzelekile ngoMthetho nangobungqina beBhayibhile ukuba agcine le Khalenda hayi enye.

Iicawa zamaKristu zikaThixo

PO Box 369, WODEN ACT 2606, AUSTRALIA

I-imeyile: secretary@ccg.org

(Ilungelo lokushicilela © 1996, 1999, 2000, 2007, 2008, 2016 nguWade Cox)

(tr. 2026)

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Ikhalenda kaThixo

Intshayelelo kwiKhalenda yamaYuda

Ikhalenda yenkqubo yamaYuda yinkqubo eyavela kamva kwaye yayingeyiyo le yayisetyenziswa ngexesha leTempile ngexesha likaKristu neCawa. USchürer utsho kwiSihlomelo 3 se-The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ (Vol. 1, p. 587ff.), "amagama amaYuda avela kwimvelaphi yase-Asiriya-Bhabhiloni; amagama awo angalingana ngesiAkkadian ngala: ni-sa-an-nu, a-a-ru, sf-ma-nu, du-u-zu njl.njl.", kwaye ubalisa ngomsebenzi kaLandsburger ngalo mbandela (Materialen zum Sumerischen Lexikon V(1957), amaphe. 25-26 njl.njl.). USchürer uyaqhubeka athi:

Kwingingqi yobuYuda, elona xwebhu lakudala lidwelisa zonke iinyanga zilandelelana yiMegillath Ta'anith. Yadityaniswa ngekhulu lokuqala okanye ekuqaleni kweleshumi elinesibini emva koKristu,kuba sele icaphulwe kwiMishnah [IMishnah yadityaniswa malunga nenkulungwane yesibini]. Kwizazi zasemva kwexesha, kuyimfuneko ukukhankanya kuphela uJosephus, umKrestu ongaziwa kakhulu, othi kwiHypomnesticum yakhe (PG cvi, col. 33) abe [Nesan, Eiar, Eiouan, Thamouz, "Ab, 'Eloul, ' Osri (funda Thisri), Marsaban, Chaseleu, Tebeth, Eabath, 'Adar].

Emva kokudwelisa ubungqina beegama zeenyanga zamaYuda (jonga iSihlomelo) uye wathi:

Iinyanga zamaYuda ziye zihlala zikho njengoko iinyanga zazo zonke iintlanga eziphucukileyo zazinjalo ekuqaleni; oko kukuthi, ziinyanga zenyanga zokwenene. Njengoko ixesha lezibhalo-zinkwenkwezi lenyanga liyi-29 iintsuku, iiyure ezili-12, imizuzu engama-44, nemisekunde emi-3,iinyanga ezinemihla engama-29 kufuneka zitshintshisane rhoqo neenyanga ezinemihla engama-30. Kodwa iinyanga ezilishumi elinesibini zenyanga zenza iintsuku ezingama-354 kuphela, iiyure ezisi-8, imizuzu engama-48 nemiseconde engama-38, ngelixa unyaka welanga unentsuku ezingama-365, iiyure ezisi-5, imizuzu engama-48 nemiseconde engama-48. Umahluko phakathi konyaka wenyanga weenyanga ezilishumi elinambini kunye nonyaka welanga uyi, ke ngoko, iintsuku ezili-10 neeyure ezingama-21. Ukulungisa lo mahluko, ubuncinci kanye kwisithathu sonyaka ngamnye, yaye ngamanye amaxesha kwisibini, kufuneka kongezwe inyanga enye. Kwafunyaniswa kwakudala kakhulu ukuba indlela echanekileyo yokulungisa oku yayifunyanwa ngokongeza inyanga kathathu kwisithuba seminyaka esibhozo (ngeli xesha,umahluko uba ziintsuku eziyi-87). Imidlalo yamaGrike eyayibanjwa qho kwiminyaka emine yayisele ixhomekeke ekuqondweni kwale nkqubo yeminyaka esibhozo ('octaeteris'), inkqubo yeminyaka emine yayifunyanwa ngokulula ngokuyahlula kabini.

Kungoko i-Olimpiyadi isekelwe kwikhalenda yenyanga.

USchürer uyaqhubeka:

Kwakudala ngenkulungwane yesihlanu phambi koKristu, isazi ngeenkwenkwezi uMeton wase-Athene wayesele elungisile inkqubo echaneke ngakumbi yokulungelelanisa ngendlela yomjikelo weminyaka eli-19, apho kwakufakwa inyanga eyongezelelweyo kathandathu. Oku kwakugqwesa kakhulu umjikelo weminyaka esi-8 ekuchanekeni, kuba kwiminyaka elishumi elinesithoba kwakusala umahluko ongaphantsi kancinci kweeyure ezimbini, ngelixa kwiminyaka esibhozo wawungowosuku olunye nehafu. Phakathi kwezazi ngeenkwenkwezi ezalandelayo ezabonelela ngolwazi oluchaneke ngakumbi, nguHipparchus waseNicaea (c. 180-120 B.C.) ufanele ukukhankanywa ngokukodwa. Inyaniso yokuba emva kweminyaka elishumi elinesithoba ngamnye, iindlela zelanga nenyanga zihambelana kwakhona phantse ngokuchanekileyo, yayikwaziwa kakuhle ngamaBhabhiloni. Enyanisweni, imibhalo ye-cuneiform kukholelwa ukuba ibonisa ukuba babe besebenzisa rhoqo umjikelo wokongeza inyanga weminyaka elishumi elinesithoba ukususela kwixesha likaNabonnassar, kudala ngaphambi kukaMeton ke ngoko. Nokuba oku akukabi ngqiniswanga,ukusetyenziswa kwexesha lokongeza leminyaka elishumi elinesithoba kwixesha lamaPersi nelamaSeleucid kunokwamkelwa njengento eqinisekisiweyo, nangona kungekho siqinisekiso sokuba ingaba abantu abaqala ukuyiqonda ngabantu baseGrisi okanye (njengoko kunokwenzeka) ngabantu baseBhabhiloni.

Ngoko ke, abantu baseBhabhiloni babenolwazi lwekhalenda yenyanga enesiphelo seminyaka eli-19. Bayiqonda kudala phambi kwesifilosofa uMeton. Nokuba oku akukafunyaniswa ngeBhabhiloni, ixesha lokongeza elineminyaka elishumi elinesithoba kwixesha lamaPersi nelamaSeleucid lisenokwamkelwa njengelivunyiweyo. USchürer akaqinisekanga kwaphela ukuba ingqikelelo yokuqala yokuqonda yayingeyamaGrike, okanye njengoko kunokwenzeka, yayingeyamaBhabhiloni. Kuya kufunyaniswa ukuba yandulela kude kakhulu kwanamaBhabhiloni.

USchürer uphawula:

…ukuba umjikelo weminyaka elishumi elinesithoba wawusetyenziswa kubukumkani bama-Arsacids kwinkulungwane yokuqala B.C. kunye ne-A.D., kwaye kubonisiwe nguTh. Reinach ngemali yentsimbi apho iminyaka engu-287, 317, kunye ne-390 yexesha lamaSeleucid ibonakala njengeminyaka yokongezwa. Kwakuhambele phambili kangakanani amaYuda exesha eliphakathi kweTestamente kwezi zinto? Ngokuqinisekileyo, babenolwazi oluthile ngokubanzi ngazo, kodwa ngaphandle kokuba silahlekile ngokupheleleyo, ngexesha likaYesu, babengekabi nankalifani emiselweyo, kodwa ngokusekelwe kuqikelelo olusekelwe kwimbonakalo kuphela, babeqala inyanga entsha ngokuvela kwenyanga entsha, kwaye ngokufanayo ngokusekelwe kuqikelelo bafaka inyanga eyongezelelweyo entwasahlobo yonyaka wesithathu okanye wesibini ngokomthetho wokuba kuzo zonke iimeko, iPasika kufuneka iwele emva kwe-equinox yasentwasahlobo.

Ezi zicatshulwa ziqala iphepha ngelo xesha liphakathi kweTestamente kunye neengxelo zikaSchürer malunga nekhalenda. Ikhalenda kaThixo ibuyela ekudalweni. Ayixhomekekanga kwintoni na eyayisenziwa ngamaYuda ngexesha likaYesu Kristu kwaye, eneneni, siza kubona ukuba kutheni uSchürer engachanekanga okanye engagqibelelanga kulo mba. Siyazi ukuba inkqubo yokuqwalasela yaziswa kwixesha elithile elizayo kwaye yasetyenziswa kunye neenkqubo zokubala ukudibana kwenyanga, kubonakala ngathi ukuze kuqinisekiswe izithethe. Izifundiswa ziyavumelana ngokwaneleyo ukuba amaSamariya kunye amaSaduse nazo zombini zazinesistim efanayo, eyayisekelwe ekudibananeni kweenkwenkwezi yaye ibalwa yaze yabhengezwa ubuncinane kwiinyanga ezisibhozo kwangaphambili– ngokuqinisekileyo kwimeko yamaSamariya. Siza kuhlola le ngxaki ngakumbi. USchürer akathathi nyathelo lwengqiqo kwingxoxo yakhe ukubonisa ukuba kutheni amaYuda aqalisa ukusebenza ngokubona, xa ayesazi ngcono, okanye kutheni wazisa ingxoxo yokubona kwaphela ekupheleni kwexesha leTempile. Enyanisweni, siza kubona ukuba amaFarisi ayengenalo amandla okuyizisa ngexesha leTempile, ngenxa yobuqhetseba bawo.

Isenokuba kunokwamkelwa ngokukhululekileyo ukuba amaSamarita ayenikhalenda enye kangangeminyaka engama-2500 ubuncinane, nokuba ikhalenda, iiSabatha, nenkqubo abayisebenzisayo namhlanje, esekelwe kwimvukelo yenyanga, yile khalenda neeSabatha zifanayo ababezisebenzisa ngexesha leTempile nasemva kwayo. Izimvo zika-Ibrahim ibn Ya'kub, umchazi weBhayibhile wamaSamarita, zibonisa ukuba izenzo zamaSamarita zazisekelwe kwimvukelo yenyanga. Babeqala usuku ngokuhlwa okanye ngokutshona kwelanga. babegcina umthendeleko weentsuku ezimbini womhla we-14 nowe-15 kaNisan okanye u-Abib, njengoko iCawa egcina uMgqibelo ibisenza kangangamawaka amabini eminyaka (cf. Indima yoMthetho wesine kwiCawa zikaThixo ezigcina uMgqibelo kwimbali (No. 170), uhlelo luka-1998). Babesenza idini nge-14 kaNisan ngokuhlwa ekupheleni kosuku lwe-14 baza baqala isidlo ngokuhlwa nge-15 kaNisan, konke bekumiswe ngokwendibano yenyanga. Ngaphezu koko, bona, njengabaSaduse kwixesha leTempile, babebamba iPentekoste ngeCawa ezingama-50 emva kweCawa yeNgqokelela yomgubo wokuqala kwiSonka Esingenquma (cf. John Bowman (ed.kunye ne tr.), Samaritan Documents Relating to Their History, Religion and Life, Pittsburgh Original texts and Translation Series Number 2, amaphe. 223-237).

Akukho bungqina bokuxhasa naluphi na uthetho lokuba amaSamarita ayitshintsha le nkqubo, okanye ukuba bona nezinye iintlanga ezikhankanywe ngasentla babengenakho ukubala ngokuchanekileyo ukudibana kweenkwenkwezi,ixesha elide kwangaphambili, kulo lonke ixesha leTempile yesibini. Ukuba amaYuda "alilahlekelwe" lolu lwazi ekupheleni kwexesha leTempile yesibini, ngoko ke bakwenza ngabom ukuze bazise izithethe zabo. ICawa ayizange ibalandele ekumiseleni ikhalenda neNyanga eziNtsha ngaphandle kwexesha layo lobungazi obukhulu bokwenza izinto zamaYuda emva kwexesha loHlaziyo. Ubuyuda bamaRabhi nalo bangenisa imibhiyozo neenkqubo zamahedeni kwikhalenda yabo bevela eBhabhiloni ngekhulu lesithathu. R. USamuel Kohn, iRabhi eyiNtloko yaseBudapest nombhali ngezenzo zamaSameriya, ebhala eBudapest ngo-1894, ubhala phantsi izenzo zeCawa yamaSabbatarian ngexesha loHlaziyo. Uqaphela ukuba iCawa yamaSabbatarian apho yayimisela ikhalenda ngokwe-conjunction (kunye notshintsho olunye kwiinkqubo zamaSameriya). Ukwaqwalasela into yokuba abazama ukwenza amaYuda kamva (emva kwexesha likaSimon Pechi) eTransylvania, ukubhiyozelwa kweRosh HaShanah okanye uNyaka oMtsha ngoTishri, yayingubungqina bempembelelo yamaYuda. Uthi iRosh HaShanah ayizange yaziswe kuYudaismu de kwaba kwixesha lasemva kweTempile kwinkulungwane yesithathu. UGqr. Kohn ukhankanya le nyaniso ibalulekileyo kumsebenzi wakhe othi The Sabbatarians in Transylvania, esithi yangena ngexesha lenkulungwane yesithathu nelingasemva kweBhayibhile (ebhekisa kwiTalmud Rosh haShanah 8a, kwi-n. 18 yesi. 7) (Uhlelwe ngu-W. Cox, uguqulwe ngu-T. McElwain no-B. Rook, CCG Publishing, USA, 1998, amaphe. v, 58, 106 ff.,et. seq. and nn.). NgokweBhayibhile uNyaka oMtsha ukwi-Abib/Nisan, onyanga lokuqala.

Ukuqhubela phambili ukusuka kwikhalenda yokuqala eyi-bhayibhile ukuya kwikhalenda yerabhi eyaziswa isuka eBhabhiloni, kuqala phantsi kukaRabhi Hillel II ngo-358 CE, kwathatha ixesha elide kakhulu njengoko kwakufuneka izithethe zomelelwe ukuze kuthethelelwe utshintsho olwenzeka kancinci kancinci. IMishnah, eyadityaniswa malunga no-200 CE kwaye iTalmud yabhalwa kamva kuyo njengokucacisa, ngandlel' ithile irekhoda le nkqubo ngamagqabaza kunye nabasemagunyeni ekhankanya igama labo.

Siza kubona ngezantsi ukuba iKhalenda ngexesha leNtlango yayilandela ubalo lwamaSaduse, kwaye ubalo lwamaFarisayo okanye inkqubo yawo yaqala ukusebenza kuphela emva kokutshiswa kweNtlango ngo-70 CE. IMishnah iphawula izenzo ezininzi ezathiikhalenda yamaYuda yanamhlanje yenzelwe ukuthintela oku. Le khalenda ayizange igqibelele ngokwenene – nokuba yayiphantsi koHillel II ukusukela malunga no-358 – yaza yatshintshwa de kwafika ikhulu le-11. Iinkcukacha zotshintsho neengxabano zirekhodwe kuxwebhu oluthi The Calendar and the Moon: Postponements or Festivals? (No. 195).

IMishnah ibonisa ukuba iiNtsuku Ezinyengweni zazipela phambi nasemva koMgqibelo ngamathuba aliqela, nto leyo ethetha ukuba izithethe nenkqubo abayiFarisi ababeyila ukukhusela ezo zithethe zazingekho nakwixesha lokuhlanganiswa kweMishnah. (cf. Soncino Talmud: Shabbat 114b; Menachoth 100b; kunye neMishnah Besah 2:1; Shabbat 15:3; Sukkah 5:7; Arakhin 2:2; Hagigah 2:4). IiSabatha ezilandelelanayo zazixhaphakile. Isicatshulwa esikwiHagigah 2:4 sibonisa ungquzulwano olwalukhula ngelo xesha (200 CE) phakathi kwabaxhasi bePentekoste yangeCawa nabachasi bayo (cf. ibid. (No. 195) kwaye bona ngezantsi).

Akunakwenzeka ukuba inkqubo yokulibazisa kunye nekhalenda yamaYuda yangoku zazisele zikho ngexesha likaKristu.

IMishnah ikwachaza ukuba kukho iminyaka emitsha emine kwaye uSuku lokuQala lweNisan nguNyaka oMtsha wookumkani nemibhiyozo. Oku kuphinde kuhlolwe kuxwebhu oluthi The Night to be Much Observed (No. 101) olujonga iinkqubo zamaSamarita zePasika. Sikwabonakalisa kwakhona kwezi zikhathi ezikwiMishnah ukuba ixesha lokubalwa kweentsuku malunga noEzira noNehemiya lalibekwe ngomhla woku-1 kuNisan, hayi ngomhla woku-1 kuTishri (thelekisa ne-Reading the Law with Ezra and Nehemiah (No. 250)). UTishri wayesetyenziswa ngelo xesha ekubaleni iminyaka, kwiminyaka yephumlo nakwiJubilees (Rosh Hashanah 1.1 E (3)). Sibona ukuba ingcamango kaTishri, owathi wafika evela eBhabhiloni, yaqala ukurekhodwa kwiMishnah njengokuphakanyiswe nguR. Eliazar noR. Simeon (ibid. 1.1 D). Yayingazukuhlonitshwa njengoNyaka oMtsha ngexesha leTempile. IMishnah ikwazama ukwahlula ukuqala kokunikela ngesishumi sezinkomo nge-1 Elul (ibid. 1.1 C). Indlu kaShammai yayibamba uNyaka oMtsha wemithi njengo-1 Shebat, ngelixa iNdlu kaHillel yayibamba njengosuku lweshumi elinesihlanu lwenyanga leyo. UNyaka oMtsha ngeNkwenkwezi Epheleleyo yinkqubo yobupagani ngqo, nayo yaziswa isuka eBhabhiloni kwaye ngokungathandabuzekiyo inxulumene nokutyala ngokweetshathi zenkwenkwezi. Lonke olu gqibo lukwiYudaism yamarabi yexesha lasemva kweNqaba. Kwinkulungwane yesithathu kuphela apho sibona uTishri emiselwa ngamarabhi. Yona kunye nenkqubo yokulibazisa ngoku zilawula uJudaísmo, ngokuchaseneyo nelizwi likaThixo. ITrumpets isoloko ingekho kwi-molad (ukudibana), kwaye iintsuku ezingcwele zikaThixo ziyalibaziswa ngokungathobeli kwezinye iintsuku ezingamiswanga nguThixo.

I-Encyclopedia Judaica iyayivuma le nyaniso kwinqaku layo elimalunga nokuMiselwa kweRosh HaShanah (uSuku loNyaka oMtsha).

Ukumisela iRosh HaShanah (uSuku loNyaka oMtsha). Unyaka uqala ngeTishri 1, olusona lixa kunqabileyo lube lusuku lwe-molad, kuba kukho imiqobo emine okanye izinto ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe, ezibizwa ngokuba yi-dehiyyah,ekumiseni usuku lokuqala lwenyanga (rosh hodesh). I-dehiyyot nganye inokubangela ukulibaziseka kweentsuku ezimbini: (1) ikakhulu ukuze kuqwalaselwe ukuba uSuku loXolelo (Tishri 10) lungawi ngoLwesihlanu okanye ngeCawa, kunye neHoshana Rabba (usuku lwesixhenxe lweSukkot; Tishri 21) lungawi ngoMgqibelo, kodwa ngokuyinxenye ikwasebenzela injongo yeenkwenkwezi... (2) ngenxa yesizathu seenkwenkwezi kuphela, ukuba i-molad isemini emaqanda okanye emva kwayo uRosh HaShanah ulibaziseka ngosuku olunye (ibid., p. 44).

I-dehiyyah yesithathu neyesine ngemigaqo entsonkothe ngakumbi ebandakanya amaxesha athile e-molad kunye nokulibaziseka okubangelwayo kwe-1 Tishri. Ezi moladot zibekwe kwitheyibhile kunye nokulibaziseka okuthile, njengoko kuchaziwe kwinqaku le-Encyclopedia Judaica. Lo mthetho wokulibazisa wawungaziwa ngexesha likaKristu nangexesha lokuhlanganiswa kweTalmud. IMishnah, kunye neTalmud njengokucacisa, ibonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba uSuku loXolelo lwalawiwa ngoLwesihlanu okanye ngeCawa kude kube lixesha lokuhlanganiswa kweMishnah kwaye, ngoko ke, ngexesha likaKristu kumakhulu amabini eminyaka ngaphambi koko.

Sikwabona ukuba ukwenzeka kweenyanga kwakwahlukile kunoko kunjalo phantsi kwekhalenda yamaYuda.

(Arakhin 2:2): Ababalisi iinyanga ezingaphantsi kwezine ezipheleleyo enyakeni, kwaye [kubaphengululi] azibonakali zingaphezulu kwesibhozo.

Ngoko ke akunakwenzeka ukuba olu lulibaziswa lwalusebenza ngexesha likaKristu. Siyaqhubeka:...

le nkqubo ikhoyo yayilindeleke ukuba iphinde ithathelwe indawo [ugcizelelo longeziwe] yenye inkqubo esekelwe kwixabiso lokwenyani [ngokungafaniyo nexabiso eliphakathi] efana kakhulu nekhalenda yakudala yamaYuda apho iNyanga eziNtsha (iintsuku ze-phasis [oko kukuthi, ubude bexesha eliphakathi kokudibana kokwenyani nokuqala kokubonwa kwenyanga entsha encumileyo]) kunye nokongezwa kweenyanga zazibhengezwa ngokusekelwe ekuqaphelweni nasekubalweni (ibid., iphe. 47).

Qaphela ukuba iingxelo apha zibonisa ukuba izibalo bezisusela kwindibano yokwenene ngokwemigangatho yenyanga (engabonakaliyo) kwaye ukuqwalaselwa kwakusetyenziselwa ukuqinisekisa oko kwakusele kusaziwe kwiinyanga neenyaka ezizayo. Igama elithi iinkqubo zenyanga livela kwigama elithi phasis kwaye belisoloko lisetyenziswa kwiNyanga Entsha njengobumnyama obupheleleyo, iNyanga Epheleleyo kunye nekota yokuqala neyesibini. Isikwere asizange sithathwe njengenkqubo yokwenene yenyanga ngendlela esisetyenziswa ngayo kwiNyanga Entsha.

Kwimbali. Ngokwesithethe esicatshulwe egameni likaHai Gaon (wasweleka ngo-1038), ikhalenda yamaYuda yangoku yaziswa ngusekhohlo uHillel II ... ngo-358/59 AD ... Nangona kungekho buhlungu ukunika uHillel II udumo lokulungelelanisa ucwangciso oluqhelekileyo lwe-intercalations, isabelo sakhe esipheleleyo kwikhalenda yangoku emiselweyo siyathandabuzeka (ibid., p. 48).

Qaphela apha ukuba ikhalenda yamaYuda yanamhlanje ayizange ibe yimileyo ngokwenene de kwafika ikhulu le-11, njengoko kuvunywa yiJudaica. IJudaica ke ithetha ngombono wokungangqalanga kokongezwa kweenyanga, isithi kwakungangqalanga.

…ukongezwa kweenyanga kwakubangelwa ngokuyinxenye yimeko eyayixhaphakile yeemveliso ezahlukeneyo zezolimo kunye neemeko zentlalo. ... imeko yezityalo ekugqibeleni imiselwa yindawo yelanga kwindlela yalo yonyaka (ibid., p. 49).

Nangona kunjalo, siyazi ukuba amaSaduse namaSamariya babengenayo le ngxaki yokungangqinelani kwaye iNyanga eNtsha yayibhengezwa ngemililo eyayivuthelwa kwiNtaba yeeMnquma, empuma yeTempile ngaphaya kweKidron (thelekisa nempapashwe ethi UMeshiya neNkonyana eBomvu (No. 216)). Kwaba kade emva koko amaSamarita atyholwa ngokukhanyisa izibane ezilahlekisayo xa amaFarisi athatha ulawulo emva kokutshonyezwa kweTempile aza azisa ukulibaziswa ngokwembono.

Akukhange kubekho ngxaki enjalo ngexesha leTempile. UJohn Hyrcanus wayitshabalalise itafile yamaSameriya eNtabeni iGerizim ngexesha lamaMaccabees kodwa inkolo yabo yashiywa ingachukunyiswanga. UHyrcanus wacinezela amaFarisi kwaye kuphela kwiminyaka elithoba phantsi koAlexandra apho babenamandla. UHerode wabacinezela naye ngenxa yeenkohliso zabo. AmaSaduse namaqela abo ayelawula iTempile phantse ngalo lonke ixesha de yathathwa kwisigaba sokugqibela yaza yatshatyalaliswa ngo-70 CE (cf. ibid., (No. 101)). AmaFarisi asola uKristu ngokwakhe ngokuba ngumSameriya (Yoh. 8:48). Oku, njengoko sibona kwesi sibhalo, kuba wayengavumelani nenyaniso yezifundo nezenzo zabo, njengoko sibona kwesi sibhalo. Wayegcina imibhiyozo yeTempile, eyayisekelwe kwinkqubo yamaSaduse neyamaSamariya eyayimiswe ngokudityaniswa, eyayiyinkqubo yokuqala yeTempile (jonga ngezantsi). Kumsebenzi kaJohn Bowman: Ingxaki yamaSamariya: Izifundo ngoBudlelwane beSamaritanism, iYudaism, kunyeobuKrestu bokuQala (iguqulwe nguAlfred M. Johnson Jr., Pittsburgh Theological Monograph Series Number 4, The Pickwick Press, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,1974, ch. 1, pp. 1ff.) sibona ukuba amaSamarita ayekwobukumkani baseMntla nasemva kokusasazwa ngo-721 BCE kwaye ukusasazeka kwamaSamarita kwakukho eYiputa naseSiriya ukususela kudala de kwaba ngekhulu le-18. UBowman uthi:

Ngenxa yokuba imibhalo emininzi yamaSamarita ifumaneka kwiilayibrari zaseYurophu, kuhlale kungumfihlelo kum ukuba kutheni izazinzulu zamaKristu, eziye zazi ukususela ngexesha likaJoseph Scalinger (1540-1609) malunga nokusinda kwamaSamariya, basaphinda-phinda ezo zinto zitshoyo ngamaSamariya ezenziwa ngamaYuda asemva kwexesha laseBhabhiloni, elamaMishina nelamaTalmud, nezithi zidluliselwe ngabaYise beCawa kwisithethe sezifundiswa zamaKristu....

Izinto ezifunyenweyo eQumran ngoku zikhokelele ekubeni ezinye izifundiswa zibuze umbono osoloko usetyenziswa kwaye wamkelwa lula kakhulu "weYuda eNqondayo" kunye nemithombo yamaRhabhi njengezinto ezithembekileyo zokulinganisangokwengqikelelo yobuYuda kwinkulungwane yoku-1, Ngenxa yoko kubonakala kufanelekile kwakhona ukuphonononga ngokuchanekileyo ukuba ingaba amaSamarita, njengecawa yokuqala yamaYuda engekho neenkqubo nezithethe ezizimeleyo,bagcine izithethe neembono ezindala kunezo iiRabhi zenkulungwane yesi-2 AD (nangemva koko) zazingazama ukuzenza zingcwele ngokuzibiza njengeentshumayelo zomlomo ukusukela kwixesha likaMoses ezazinikezelwe kubo njengabagcini beSirayeli ekukuphela kwayo nenyaniso.

Isizathu sokuba isimo samaSamariya singafundwa ngokukhululekileyo sisiphoso sababingeleli bamaSamariya ngokwabo kangangoko esisiphoso samaYuda.

Ikhalenda kaThixo

Kufuneka sibuyele kuGenesise 1 ukuze sifumane isiseko seKhalenda kaThixo.

Genesise 1:14-19 Wathi ke uThixo, Makubekho izibane emqulu wenzululwazi, zohlula usuku ebusuku;zibe ngamaqondo, neentsasana, neentsuku, neminyaka: 15 Zibe zizibane eziseqongqothweni lasezulwini ukukhanyisa emhlabeni: kwaba njalo. 16 Wenza ke uThixo izibane ezibini ezikhulu; isibane esikhulu ukuba silawule imini, nesibane esincinci ukuba silawule ubusuku: wenza neenkwenkwezi nazo. 17Wazibeka uThixo emajukujukwini asezulwini ukuba zikhanyise emhlabeni, 18kwaye ukuba zilawule imini nobusuku, nokwahlula ukukhanya ebumnyameni: wabona uThixo ukuba kulungile. 19Yaba ngokuhlwa kwaba kusasa, usuku lwesine. (KJV)

Igama elithi izibane apha lithi m'aor (SHD 3974) elithetha ababambi-kukhanya okanye izibane (Eks. 25:6; 27:20; 35:14). KwiGenesise 1:3 isibhalo sithi makubekho ukukhanya. Asikokwenza 'ukuba' (Companion Bible, fn. to v. 3). Ngoko ke sithetha ngemeko engaphambili yale nkqubo yemisebenzi elandelayo.

Ukukhanya akuzange kubekho de kwafika usuku lwesine lokudalwa, ngokwenkcazelo yencwadi yeGenesise. Oku kubonisa ulandelelwano lwemisebenzi kaThixo ekudaleni. Umsebenzi wesine kulandelelwano lokudalwa yayikukuseka izibane zokwahlula ubusuku nemini, nezimpawu, namaxesha onyaka, neentsuku neminyaka (Genesise 1:14).

Ulandelelwano lweKhalenda njengoko yasekwa nguThixo ekudaleni lumiselwa zizinto ezisemazulwini. Ngaloo ndlela, intshukumo nendawo yezinto ezisemazulwini zezona zinto zimiselayo ikhalenda. Oku kuya kubonakala kusaphuhliswa kuyo yonke iBhayibhile kwaye kungundoqo kuMthetho.

INdumiso 104:19 Wamisela inyanga ngamaxesha onyaka: ilanga liyazi ukutshona kwalo. (KJV)

Ngoko ke, inyanga yeyona nto imisela ixesha, hayi ilanga. Ilanga lisebenza ngosuku kuphela kwaye lisisiseko sokuqala konyaka ukusukela kwi-equinox.

Usuku

Kuqatshelwe kwakhona ukuba ingokuhlwa nentsasa zenza usuku. Ingokuhlwa ingaphambi kwentsasa okanye usuku. Ngoko ke, usuku lumiselwa ukusukela ekufiphali kwangokuhlwa okwandulelayo kude kube kukufiphala okanye i-End of Evening Nautical Twilight (EENT) yaloo mini.

Levitikus 23:32 Iya kuba sisabatha sokuphumla kuni, nize nizihluphe ngemiphefumlo yenu: ngomhla wesithoba wenyanga, ngokuhlwa, ukusukela ngokuhlwa kude kube ngokuhlwa , niyakugcina isabatha yenu. (KJV)

Le mbono, yokuba usuku lwaqala ngokuhlwa emva kokutshona kwelanga, yayisithi gqolo iyazanywa kwanakubantu abangamaYuda ngexesha leMishnah. Yayiyindlela eqhelekileyo yokumisela usuku kwiintlanga ezininzi kwaye yayiyinkqubo kubantu abathetha isiNgesi de kwafika ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba (jonga ngezantsi) .

IMishnah:

(Besah 2:1) Kwisikhumbuzo esihlangana nobusuku bangaphambi kweSabatha [uLwesihlanu] umntu akufuneki aqale ukupheka ngosuku lwesikhumbuzo. [uLwesihlanu] Kodwa ulungiselela ukutya kosuku lwesikhumbuzo, kwaye ukuba ushiya intsalela, uba nentsalela yokuyisebenzisa ngeSabatha. Kwaye alungiselele isitya esiphekiweyo ngobusuku obandulela usuku lwefeستی [NgoLwesine] aze athembele kuso (ekulungiseleleni ukutya ngoLwesihlanu) nakwisabatha.

(2-2) Ukuba usuku lwefeستی lwalingana nosuku olulandelayo emva kweSabatha [NgeCawa] indlu kaShammai ithi, "Bafaka yonke into emanzini phambi kweSabatha". Kwaye indlu kaHillel ithi, "Izitya kufuneka zifakwe emanzini phambi kweSabatha. Kodwa umntu angazifaka ngokwakhe ngosuku lweSabatha."

(Shabbat 15:3) Bayasonga iimpahla kwanokuba kane okanye kahlanu. Kwaye bayalalisa iibhedi ngobusuku beSabatha ukuze zisetyenziswe ngeSabatha, kodwa hayi ngeSabatha ukuze zisetyenziswe emva kweSabatha. D. R. Ishmael uthi, "Baphinda iimpahla baze balungise iibhedi ngoSuku loXolelo ukuze zisetyenziswe ngeSabatha".

Lo mbhalo ubonisa ukuba uSuku loXolelo lwalwela ngoLwesihlanu xa iMishnah yayiqokelelwa.

(Sukkah 5:7) Kathathu ngonyaka zonke iiluhlu zabapriste zazabelana ngokulinganayo kwiminikelo yemibhiyozo nakwekwahlulwa kweSonka esingabonwayo. NgePentekoste babengamxelela, "Nanku isonka esingenasivumba, nanku isonka esinasivumba kuwe".Umbutho wababingeleli oxakekileyo ngelo xesha leveki ngulo unikezela ngeegabelo zemihla ngemihla, iigalelo eziziswa ngenxa yeziqhulo neegalelo zokuzithanda, kunye nezinye iigalelo zoluntu. Kwaye unikezela ngayo yonke into. Ngosuku lomthendeleko olulandelayo iSabatha, nokuba kungaphambi okanye emva kwayo, onke amabutho ababingeleli ayalingana ekwahluleni iSonka Esiboniswayo.

Ngenxa yoko, iSabatha ezilandelelanayo zazinto eziqhelekileyo.

Ibali lokuqhekezwa kwenqanawa likaPawulos libonisa ukuba usuku lwalusukela ngokuhlwa, kwaye ubusuku belulandelwa yimini ngokulandelelana kweeyure ezingamashumi amabini anesine. Sikwabona kwesi sibhalo ukuba usuku lwalungasuki phakathi kobusuku kwinkulungwane yokuqala.

IZenzo 27:27-33 Kodwa yakuba yile ubusuku lwe-14, sithi sisithi shwaka eAdria, malunga nentsimbi yeshumi elinambini emini abaqhubi besikhephe bacinga ukuba basondele elunxwemeni; 28Baza batyhiza, bafumana iifathom ezingamashumi amabini; baze emva kokuhamba kancinci kwakhona batyhiza, bafumana iifathom ezilishumi elinesihlanu. 29Bathi ke, besoyika hleze siye siwela phezu kweelitshe, baphosa iinkunzi ezine ngasemva, baza babefuna ukuba kusele. 30Kwaye njengoko abasebenzi benqanawa babesele beza kuphuncuka enqanaweni, xa babehlisela isikhephe elwandle, besithi ngathi baya kulahla amangalo ngaphambili enqanaweni, 31uPawulos wathi kwisigidi nakwamajoni, Ngeke nisindiswe, ukuba aba bangahlali enqanaweni.32Kwathi ke amajoni asika iintambo zomkhumbi, awuyeke uwele. 33Lathi ke, kusasazela, uPawulos wabacenga bonke ukuba batye, esithi, Namhlanje lusuku lwe-14 enilinde nize nahlala nindila, ningathathanga nto. (KJV)

Utshintsho lokuba usuku luqale phakathi kobusuku lwaluyinto eyazuzwa kamva yiCawa yamaRoma kwaye lwalungenanto yakwenza nexesha langaphambili. Kubonakala ngathi, ngaphandle kwamaTaliyane, zonke iintlanga zazinenkqubo efanayo okanye efana naleyo yokuqala kosuku.

Izibhalo zendalo yeBhayibhile ukusukela kwixesha likaMoses zibonisa ukuba usuku lwalusiqondwa njengoluqala ngokuhlwa kwaye, njengoko sibonile, uMthendeleko Woxoliso wawugcinwa ukusukela ebusuku ukuya ebusuku [ngokuhlwa ukuya ngokuhlwa] (Lev. 23:32), oko kukuthi xa ilanga litshone kwaye kuye kwaba mnyama okanye EENT. AmaYuda ngoku agcina ukusukela ekutshoneni kwelanga ukuya ebusuku xa ephelisa ukuzila. Ngaloo ndlela, kukho malunga neeyure ezingama-25 ngaloo mini.

Lo mkhwa wawugcinwa ungaguqukanga, njengoko sibona ngokubuyiselwa kwemeko phantsi koNehemiah,ngaloo ndlela iSabatha yayikhuselwa ngokuvala iikhowu zesixeko ukusukela ngokuhlwa kuye ngokuhlwa.

Nehemia 13:19 Kwathi, xa iikhowu zaseYerusalem zaqala ukuba mnyama phambi kwesabatha, ndayalela ukuba zivalwe iikhowu, ndaza ndaligqibezela ukuba mazingavulwa de kuphele batha; ndabeka abam abasebenzi ezikhowini, ukuze kungangeni mthwalo ngesabathaath day. (KJV)

Lo mbhalo ubonisa ukuba kwaqala ukuba mnyama phambi kweSabatha. Isenzi esisetyenzisiweyo yi-tsalal (SHD 6752) kwaye ithetha:

…idibene ne-tsel, 'thunzi' kwaye ithetha 'xa iingcango zaqala ukuba neethunzi kuzo' okanye 'ukwenza iithunzi ezinde' (thelekisa neSoncino n. kwi-v. 19)

Olu hlalutyo olunikezelwe kwi-Soncino lubalulekile kwizithethe zokubeka ixesha phambili ukuya ekutshoneni kwelanga. Kuyaqondwa njengokuba 'ukusondela kobumnyama' (cf. SHD 6751 no-6752).

Izithunzi ezinde ziba khona emva kwemini kanye phambi kokuba kube mnyama. Sinokugqiba kwelokuba oku kusithi iSabatha yaqala xa kwakusele kuyimnyama. Ngaloo ndlela usuku luqala kwinto esiyibiza ngokuba yi-Evening Nautical Twilight, xa kuqala ukuba mnyama. Uhlukaniso lwamaRhabhi yayikukuba usuku lwaqala xa kwakungasakwazi ukwahlula umbala wothambo olubomvu okanye oluluhlaza. Oku kusilelakokukhanya ikwi-End of Evening Nautical Twilight (EENT). La maxesha amathathu okutshona kwelanga ngala: 1) i-Civil Twilight, ephela xa ilanga likwiidigri ezintandathu ukusuka kumphakamo welanga kwaye isetyenziselwa izibane zesitalato; 2) i-End Evening Nautical Twilight (EENT) xa ilanga likwi-12 degrees ngaphantsi komda wokubonakala; kwaye 3) i-End Astronomical Twilight xa ilanga likwi-18 degrees ngaphantsi komda wokubonakala. Kwi-EENT kuba mnyama. Kwi-BENT (i-Begin Evening Nautical Twilight) kuqala ukuba mnyama kumda wokubonakala.

Zonke iintlanga, kuquka uSirayeli wakudala neembutho zakwaYuda, zaziqala usuku ebusuku zize zilandelise ubusuku ngemini, zibala ngeobusuku. Kwakunjalo nakumaJamani nakumaTeuton ngokubanzi. Esi sicatshulwa silandelayo esivela kuJohn Brady (Clavis Calendaria I-II, London, 1812, p. 98) sithi:

Iintlanga ezahlukeneyo bezahlukene, kwaye nangoku azivumelani,kwiixesha zokuqala ubalo lwabo lwemini nobusuku. AmaTurkey namaMahometan balubala ukusukela ekutshoneni kwelanga; ngelixa ama-Itali, engeke aqale iyure yawo yokuqala ekutshoneni kwelanga kuphela, kodwa abala iiyure ezingamashumi amabini anesine ngaphandle kokuphumla, kwaye hayi kabini ezili-12, njengoko kusenziwa kweli lizwe naku-Europe ngokubanzi, ngaphandle kwenxalenye yaseJamani, apho nabo babala ngeeyure ezingamashumi amabini anesine abazibiza ngokuba "ziiyure zama-Itali.".... nangona usuku lweCawa kulo lonke elase-Itali luqala ezinzulwini zobusuku, kwaye imikhosi yecawa yaseRoma ikwalawulwa ngeso siqhelo kuzo zonke iimeko, kuyamangalisa ngakumbi, ukuba usuku lwasemthethweni luvunyelwe ukuba lwahluke kwixesha lwawo lokuqala, kwaye ngaloo ndlela lube ngokuchasene nesiko hayi nje phantse lonke elaseYurophu, kodwa nelo bakhokho babo; ingakumbi njengoko ngokotshintsho lokutshona kwelanga, olulawula usuku lwasemthethweni,.....

Ngoko ke thina ubone ukuba ngo-1812 ngexesha likaNapoleon nokurhoxa komkhosi wakhe eMoscow, usuku lwalusaqala luphele ngokuhlwa kwakusihlwa kwiSilamsi nakwezinye iindawo, okanye ngokutshona kwelanga phakathi kwama-Itali. Ukuqala kosuku ezinzulwini zobusuku ngo-1812 kwakusengumkhwa ongaphambili weCawa yamaRoma Katolika kwaye kwakusuka kuloo mthombo wangena ngako eYurophu naseNtshona. Liyilo lezakwalizwana elingenagunyaziso libhaliweyo. Ngaphezu koko, uKristu uthetha ngosuku nobusuku beeyure ezili-12, ezithi ngoku zilinganiswe njengeeyure ezingamashumi amabini anesine, njengoko kwakwenziwa ngamaTaliyane kunye neenkwenkwezazi. Akukho mntu wakha waqala usuku ngesithuba seentshukumo, ngaphandle kokuba kube yisigaba sesibini seeyure ezilishumi elinambini. Usuku lweeyure ezingamashumi amabini anesine oluqala phakathi kobusuku luyitshintsho elalandela kamva lokumiselwa kwamaxesha eewotshi ukuze ahambelane namaxesha ezithethe zonqulo zamaRoma. Ukumiselwa kwamaxesha bekunokwenzeka lula (kwaye bekufanele kube njalo) kwenziwe ukusukela ngexesha lokuphuma kwelanga nokufiphala ngexesha lwe-equinox, ngeeyure zokuqala emva kokutshona kwelanga (oko sikubiza ngokuba yi-6 p.m.) njenge-1 a.s. endaweni ye-7 p.m. I-5 p.m. ibiya kuhlala iyi-yure yeshumi elinanye, njengoko bekunjalo phantse iminyaka engamawaka amathandathu. I-7 a.m. ke ibiya kuba yi-1 a.m. ngokuchanekileyo. Kwiwotshi yeeyure ezingamashumi amabini anesine ibiya kuba ziiyure ezili-1300. Oku bekuya kuhambelana nezifundo zikaKristu kwaye kuya kuphinda kwaziswa ukusuka eYerusalem ukusukela kuHlaziyo.

Isizathu sokuba iinkqubo zecawa zibe kusukela phakathi kobusuku yayikukubaluleka kwazo ekuzileni, njengoko zazinoqheliselo lokuzila olwahlukileyo kolweBhayibhile neCawa yokuqala. UBrady uthi igama elithi emini emaqanda ekuqaleni lalithetha iyure yesithoba. Ukubala ukusuka kwi-6 a.m., yayiyi-3 p.m. "ngelo xesha ingoma yayesihlala iculiwa, ngokomthetho wecawa wamandulo."mm(ibid., p. 99). I-Noon ngoku yimini emaqanda, mhlawumbi kungenxa yokuba iimonki zazisoloko ziphula isidlo sazo sokuzila, okanye kungenxa yokuba ixesha eliqhelekileyo lesidlo sasemini lalingemini emaqanda (jonga ibid.). Kufuneka sikhumbule le nyaniso kananjalo xa sifunda imibhalo yamandulo ekhankanya i-noon. Igama elithi luncheon livela kwimpelo engachanekanga yegama elithi nuncheon okanye i-noon song.

Akukho xesha kwimbali apho inkcazelo eseDaniel 7:25 ingazange ingene kakuhle kuluntu nabantu ngaphezu kweeYurophu ukusukela kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba ukuya kuthi ga ngoku. Yaqala eRoma kwinkulungwane yesibini kwaye ngoku ikhawuleza ukuya esiphelweni sayo.

Igama elithi usuku livela kwigama lesiSaxon elithi Dæg. Eli gama libonakala linxulumene negama lesiRoma elithi Dies okanye Diis. Abantu bamandulo banika iintsuku amagama eplanethi, ababezibiza ngokuba ziiDii okanye oothixo (ibid., p. 100) kwaye eli gama labelwa ukujikeleza komhlaba okuthatha iiyure ezingamashumi amabini anesine.

Phakathi kwamaSaxon, iZibhalo zenziwa zafumaneka ngolwimi lwamaSaxon nguKumkani u-Athelstan (malunga no- 940) owabeka izohlwayo kubo bonke abaqhuba ngeCawa njengoko kwakuthathelwa ngokuba yayithathe indawo yeSabatha kwinkqubo yamaRoma ukususela kwinkulungwane yesine. Inkqubo yeCawa neye-Ista yayinyanzeliswe eBritane ngamandla amaSaxon ukususela kwiSinodi yaseWhitby ngo-664 CE. Kude kube lelo xesha, uninzi lwaseBritane lwalungamaSabbatarians aseQuartodeciman. (thelekisa nempapashwe ethi Iingxabano zama-Quartodeciman (No. 277)). U-Edgar (malunga no-960) wabhengeza ukuba loo mini mayingcwaliswe ukusukela ngentsimbi yesi-3 emva kwemini ngoMgqibelo kude kube kukusasa ngoMvulo (thelekisa noBrady, ibid., amaphe. 103-104).Ngaloo ndlela ixesha lokulungiselela ngoLwesihlanu lathuthelwa kuMgqibelo kwaye kwongezwa kwakhona ixesha elitsha ngokupheleleyo leeyure ezilishumi elinambini ezongezelelweyo. Le yeyona mpazamo yodwa yaziwayo yosuku olwandisiweyo oluphela ekuseni (ngaphandle konqulo lukaRa eYiputa).

Igama elithi usuku liye laqondwa ngeendlela ezimbini, zombini njengethuba leeyure ezilishumi elinambini kunye nelethuba leeyure ezingamashumi amabini anesine. Eli thuba lokugqibela laye laba kuthiwa ngabazi-nkwenkwezi bexesha lanamhlanje okanye lezoshishino, yiNycthemeron. Noko ke, abantu bamandulo banokuxolelwa ngokusebenzisa nje igama elithi usuku ukusebenza kuzo zombini. Ngokuqinisekileyo lali gama elinjalo xa iBhayibhile yayiguqulelwa kwaye lelo lixhaphakileyo namhlanje (cf. Brady, p. 97). INdumiso 1:5 ithathwa njengathi ...yaye kwaba ngokuhlwa nangentsasa, yaba yimini yokuqala. Olu lwahlulo lufanele lufundeke nje njengeSuku Lokuqala okanye ISuku Sokuqala. ISoncino iguqulela lo mbhalo malunga neSuku Sokuqala njengokuhlwa nangentsasa, usuku olunye (cf. Soncino Chumash, p. 2). Lo mahluko usekelwe kwinkcazelo kaRashi, esithi uThixo wayedwa ngolu suku njengoYena Enye, waza wadala ezinye izidalwa zasezulwini ngosuku lwesibini. Oku akukwazi ukumelana nokuhlolisiswa kwisicatshulwa sikaSoncino ngokwaso kwaye akutolikwa ngolo hlobo nangayiphi na enye igunya (cf. Green's Interlinear Bible). URashi wenza impazamo kwaye wazisa enye impazamo engafunekiyo ngokunxulumene neGenesise 1:1-2.

Amagama angokuhlwa ('ereb (SHD 6153), cf. 'arab: ukudibanisa) nangentsasa (boker (1242), cf. bakker: ukukhangela okanye ukuhlola) achaza izinto ezichaseneyo zosuku nobusuku. 'I-'ereb ibonisa ukuxubana kokukhanya okusuka ekutshoneni kwelanga ne-'boker ibonisa ukukhanya okucacileyo emini, "ilungelelana nexesha apho kunokwenzeka ukwahlula umgangatho ochanekileyo owawuchazayo" (ibid.).

Igama elithi usuku apha ligama elithi yôôm(SHD 3117), elivela kwimpande engasetyenziswanga ethetha ukushushu; ithetha usuku kunye neeyure ezifudumeleyo. Isetyenziswa, njengoko uStrong esitsho, ukubonisa amaxesha mhlawumbi ngokwenyani, ukusuka ekuphumeni kwelanga ukuya ekutshoneni kwalo, okanye ukusuka ekutshoneni kwelanga okukodwa ukuya kokulandelayo, okanye ngokomfuziselo, njengendawo yexesha echazwe ligama elinxulumeneyo kwaye isoloko isetyenziswa njengesibizo esichaza indlela, ngaloo ndlela imele ixesha elide. Ukucetyisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwayo kunqunyelwe kwiiyure zasemini kuphela yinto engenangqondo.

Amagama asetyenziselwa ukubekela ixesha kwii-yure zasemini kuphela ngala: yôômâm (SHD 3119), ethetha imihla ngemihla okanye emini (jonga Deut. 28:66; Josh. 1:8; njl.) ; okanye i-shachar (SHD 7837), ethetha ukukhanya kwakusasa, xa ilanga liphuma (cf. Josh. 6:15).

I-Mochorath (SHD 4283) okanye i-morrow ikwasesetyenziselwa ukubonisa usuku olulandelayo okanye ngomso (cf. 1Sam. 30:17; Jon. 4:7).

IGama elithi Boqer okanye boker (SHD 1242) xa lisetyenziswa ngokwenyani ukusuka kusasa ukuya kusasa liyasetyenziswa ukuthetha ukusuka ngemini ukuya ngemini (thelekisa noMgwebi 16:2; 19:26; 2 Samuweli 13:4) kwaye mhlawumbi luyabangela ukudideka kwabanye ukuba lithathwe lodwa.

Ngoko ke sibona kwiinkcukacha ukuba ubuncinci ukusukela kwixesha likaMoses kwibali lokudala, igama usuku lwalusetyenziselwa ukubandakanya ubusuku nentsasa njengosuku olunye, okanye ixesha leeyure ezingamashumi amabini anesine. Akukho ndlela inengqiqo ingaphaya yokuhlola le ngxoxo.

Sibone kwiZenzo 27 ukuba uPawulos wayenokuqonda okufanayo esikubona kuNehemiah, kwaye njengoko sabona kumyalelo kaMoses, ngokuphathelele uXolelo, kunye nokuqonda okufanayo esikubona kwakusetyenziswa kude kube ngekhulu le-19. Kusefike kutshanje kuphela ixesha nemithetho zatshintshwa kangangokuba kuchaphazela ukusebenza kosuku.

Iveki

Igama elithetha iveki ngesiHebhere lisuka kwigama elithi shabuwa okanye shabua (SHD 7620). Eli gama lisuka kwigama elithi shaba' (SHD 7650) elithetha ukugqibelela. Le yingcambu yegama, ethathwe kwaye isetyenziswe ngokwentetho efanayo neye-sheba okanye shibah (7651) . Eli gama linani eliyintloko eliyisixhenxe njengento egcweleyo engcwele. Ngenxa yoko, igama elithi shaba' (7650) lithetha ukuzibeka esixhenxeni, oko kukuthi, ukufunga okanye ukuthatha isifungo.

Igama elithetha iveki lisenjenjalo lisekelwe okanye livela kwinani elingcwele leentsuku elenza isixhenxe. ISabatha ke ngoko idityaniswe ngokungenakwahlulwa kwingcambu yolwimi lwesixhenxe nokugqibelela. Igama elithetha iveki lifumaneka kuGenesise 29:27-28 nakuDaniyeli 9:27. Lithetha kanye ukwabelwa ngama-seven. Ngenxa yoko, yiveki (iintsuku ezisixhenxe) okanye ixesha leminyaka esixhenxe.Igama elithetha iveki eTestamenteni eNtsha ligama lesiGrike elivela kwisiHebhere – elinguSabbaton (SGD 4521, lisuka kuShabbath (7676)) . Yingqikelelo ye-se'nnight okanye isithuba esiphakathi kweeSabatha ezimbini.

Ixesha leveki likwamiselwa sisivakalisi esithetha iSabatha egqibeleleyo. Esi sivakalisi sikhona kumthetho wePentekoste.

Levitiki 23:15-21 Kwaye niza kubala kuni ukusukela ngemva kwesabatha, ukusukela ngosuku enizisa ngalo isisongelo somgubo wesipho esinyakazwayo; iSabatha ezisixhenxe ziya ibe yeyokugqibela: 16Kude kube ngemini engemva kwesabatha yesixhenxe niyabala iintsuku ezingamashumi amahlanu; nize ninikele kuYehova ngesibingelelo esitsha sokutya. 17Niza kuphuma ezindlwini zenu iingqiyamana ezimbini zokungcelwa, ezenziwe ngomgubo wezihlandlo ezibini ezilishumi: mazibe yomgubo oqingqiweyo; mazibhakwe ngomvubo; ngumthabelo wokuqala weNkosi. 18 Kwaye nize ninikele kunye nesonka iimvana ezisixhenxe ezingenachaphaza zonyaka wokuqala, nenkonyana enye, namadama amabini: mazibe ngumnikelo otshiswayo weNkosi, kunye nesontelo sabo senyama, nesontelo sabo esiselo, sonke isibingelelo esenziwe ngomlilo, esinuka kamnandi eNkosini. 19 Ngenxa leyo niza kuthiqaza isithole segebhengana njengesibingelelo sesono, neegusha ezimbini ezisandul' ukuzalwa njengesibingelelo sesidima. 20 Umbingeleli uya kuziphaphazelisa kunye nesonka seziqalanga njengesibingelelo esiphaphazeliswayo phambi kweNkosi, kunye neegusha ezimbini: ziya kuba zingcwele eNkosini, zibe zibe zombingeleli.21 Kwaye niyakubhengeza ngaloo mini kanye, ukuba ibe sisibutho esingcwele kuni; akukho msebenzi wobukhoboka eniyakuwenza kuyo; mayibe ngumthetho owandakazayo ezalweni zenu zonke, kuzo zonke iindawo enihlala kuzo. (KJV)

Ixesha leentsuku ezingamashumi amahlanu elaqala emva koMgqibelo weveki kwiMbeko yeSonka Esingenasweko lineeMgqibelo ezisixhenxe ezigqibeleleyo okanye ezipheleleyo. Le yayibizwa ngokuba yiMbeko yeeVeki ngokweTestamente eNdala Amabhalo eTestamente (Eks. 34:22; Duteronomi 16:10,16; 2 IziKronike 8:13). Kusetyenziswa laa gama linye lithi shabua (7620). Igama elithi iPentekoste livela kwigama elithetha ukubala amashumi amahlanu. Igama elithetha ukugqibeleleyo, njengakumaSabatha agqibeleleyo, lithi tamiym (SHD 8549) elithetha ukuphelele. Xa lisetyenziswa njengesibizo lithetha ukunyaniseka okanye inyaniso – ngoko ke, kungekho kutyholo, kuphelele okanye kuzalisekile. Ngoko ke, iintsuku ezingamashumi amahlanu zePentekoste ziquka iiveki ezisixhenxe ezipheleleyo nezigqibeleleyo okanye ezingenachaphaza. Oku kuqala ngosuku olulandelayo emva koMgqibelo weveki kwaye kuphela ngosuku olulandelayo emva koMgqibelo weveki – oko kukuthi, ngeCawa. Ngaloo ndlela, iPentekoste ayinakuthi yenzeke nge-6 kaSivan kuba ubalo luyaphulwa kwaye akukho iiveki ezisixhenxe ezigqibeleleyo okanye ezingenachaphaza okanye iiSabatha.

Igama elithi iSabatha (SHD 7676) lahlukile kwelo lisetyenziselwa iiSabatha zeMihla yeMibhiyozo, ezibizwa ngokuba yiShabbathown (SHD 7677). Eli gama lisebenza kuwo onke oMihla oyiNgcwele yeMibhiyozo, linentsingiselo yokuba yiSabatha okanye uSuku oluNgcwele, ngaphandle koSuku loXolelo, olubizwa ngokuba yiShabbath shabbathown.Intsingiselo ke ngoko iphinda-phinda okanye igxininisa ingqikelelo yoSuku oluNgcwele kakhulu. Amagama asetyenziswe kumabhalo angentla kuLevitikus kubalo oluya ePentekoste yiSabatha hayi i-shabbathown kwaye ke ngoko,kucacile ngokupheleleyo ngokwahlukana okwenziwe kwesi sahluko ukuba kuthethwa ngeSabatha zeveki, hayi ngazo naziphi na iintsuku ezingcwele; nokuba i-calenda kaHillel okanye eyamaYuda yanamhlanje iphosakele ngokubhiyozela umhla we-6 kuSivan. Ingxabano iyabonakala kwiMishnah ebonisa ukuba amaFarisi angenise iPentekoste yomhla we-6 kuSivan, eyayinokuthi yaze yawa kufutshane neSabatha ngelo xesha. Kwiinkqubo zeTempile nakumaSamariya, IPentekoste ibisoloko ingomhla wokuqala weveki okanye iCawa.

(Hagigah 2:4) IPentekoste eyayihlangana neLwesihlanu- Indlu kaShammai ithi, "Usuku lokubulala [umnikelo wonke oziswe ukuzalisekisa iimfuno zokubonakala phambi kweNkosi] lusemhleni olandelayo uMbindi." Kwaye iNdlu kaHillel ithi, "Usuku lokubulala [umnikelo wonke] alulandeli uMbindi".Kodwa bayavumelana ukuba ukuba ingqubana neSabatha, usuku lokubulala [umnikelo wonke] lulandela iSabatha. Kwaye umbingeleli oyintloko akazinxibi iimpahla zakhe zokungcwele. Kwaye bavumelekile ukuba benze isikhalo okanye bahlale ifasto, ukuze bangangqini uluvo lwabo bathi, Umhla wePentekoste [kufuneka usoloko wela] emva kweSabatha [ngeCawa].

Ukuze kuxhaswe ingxoxo yePentekoste yomhla we-6 kuSivan, kusetyenziswa ngabanye kwiSeptuagint (LXX). Loo nguqulelo, nangona yayiyeyona mbhalo isemgangathweni yeCawa yamandulo, yalelwa yiJudaism yerabhi yaseJamnia emva kokutshiswa koMthendeleko nokusasazwa. Umbhalo weTestamente eNdala wade watshintshwa kakhulu ukuze uxhase iJudaism yerabhi ngelo xesha waza waba nguMbhalo weMasoretiki. Lo mcimbi wonke wePentekoste kwiLXX uphicothiwe kuxwebhu oluthi The Omer Count to Pentecost (No. 173). Iingxoxo ezakhiweyo malunga nesi sibhalo ze-Sivan 6, kuyo nayiphi na imeko, zibubuxoki.

IPentekoste yayibanjwa ngeCawa ngexesha leTempile ngababingeleli beTempile kunye namaSamariya. U-F.F. Bruce utsho kwi-The Illustrated Bible Dictionary (J. D. Douglas & N. Hillyer, abahleli, IVP, 1980; inq. 'Calendar' , Vol. 1, p. 225):

Ngokubanzi, ikhalenda yamaYuda ngamaxesha eTestamente eNtsha (ubuncinci phambi kowe-AD 70) yayilandela ubalo lwamaSaduse, kuba yayiloo mlinganiselo wobalo owawulawula iinkonzo zaseTempileni. Ngaloo ndlela, usuku lwePentekoste lwalubalwa njengosuku lwama-50 emva kokunikezelwa kwesipho sokuqala somvuno webarley, oko kukuthi, usuku lwama-50 (lufakiwe) ukusukela ngeCawa yokuqala emva kwePasika phezu (thelekisa noLevitiki 23:15-16); ngoko ke yayisoloko iwela ngeCawa, njengoko kunjalo kwikhalenda yobuKrestu. Ukubala kwamaFarisayo, okwaba ngumgangatho emva konyaka we-70 AD, kwahlalutya 'isabatha' kuLevitiki 23:15 njengosuku lomthendeleko weSinkwa Esingenyeveni hayi isabatha yeveki; ngaloo meko iPentekoste yayisoloko iwela ngosuku olunye lwenyanga [uSivan 6].

AmaSamarita neCawa abazange bayitshintshe indlela abayenza ngayo iPentekoste ukusukela kwinkulungwane yokuqala. Kuyuda kuphela eyatshintsha iindlela zayo zokuzingisa, yaye oko kwenziwa ukulondoloza izithethe zayo ezazisandul' ukungeniswa. Icawa yeTrinitari yachaphazela iveki eyayiwela kuyo iPentekoste ngokuguqula umhla we-Ista, kodwa yayisoloko iwela ngeCawa njengoko kwakunjalo ngexesha leTempile, ukusukela kwixesha lobukhoboka baseAsiriya, naphambi koko ukuya kutsho kwixesha likaMoses. USamarita izithethe zazo zisuka phambi kokuphangwa kweTempile yokuQala nobukhoboka baseYuda ngo-587 BCE kwaye ke ngoko zibonakalisa ngokuchaneke ngakumbi izithethe zexesha lokuqala leTempile yokuQala. Ezi zithethe zaziswa kancinci kancinci kuYuda nakwinkqubo yamaFarisi ukusukela kubukhoboka baseBhabhiloni nasemva koko. Azibanga nampembelelo kwizithethe zaseTempileni kude kube lixesha lokuwa nokutshabalala kwayo.

Iveki Yeentsuku Ezisixhenxe

Ingqikelelo yeveki yeentsuku ezisixhenxe imiselwe kwi-Eksodus 20:8-11.

Eksodus 20:8-11 Khumbula usuku lwesabatha, ulugcina lungcwele. 9 Iintsuku ezintandathu uya kusebenza, wenze yonke imisebenzi yakho: 10Kodwa usuku lwesixhenxe lusuku lwesabatha lweNkosi uThixo wakho: ngalo akukho msebenzi uya kuwenzayo, wena, okanye unyana wakho, okanye intombi yakho, okanye umkhonzi wakho, okanye umkhonzi wakho wesifazane, okanye izilwanyana zakho, okanye umntu wakho ongumhlali ongaphakathi kwiingcango zakho: 11Kuba ngeentsuku ezintandathu iNkosi yenza izulu nomhlaba, ulwandle, nayo yonke into ekuyo, yaza yaphumla ngosuku lwesixhenxe: ngoko ke iNkosi yasikelela usuku lwesabatha, yazingcwalisela lona. (KJV)

Iveki ke ngoko ngumthetho olawulwayo nonyanzelekileyo owasekwayo kugxilwe kwiSabatha okanye usuku lwesixhenxe lweveki, olusuku olusoloko luyaziwa njengeMgqibelo. Eli gama ngesiNgesi lithathwe kwigama lesiSaxon elithi Seator (okanye ngokubonakala kwakunjalo Crodo, cf. Brady), elihlala linxulunyaniswa nothixo wamaRoma uSaturn (Brady, amaphe. 122-123). Lo mini ubizwa kwiilwimi zabantu abaninzi njengeSabatha okanye ngamagama avela kuloo gama. USamuele Bacchiocchi uyiphuhlisa yonke le mbali (Ukusuka kwiSabatha ukuya ngeCawa, Pontifical Gregorian University Press, eRoma, 1977).

Inyanga

Igama elithi inyanga lisuka kwigama elithetha inyanga kwilwimi elidala elingumzali, elathi laba yiNgisi. Igama lesiHebhere lithi chadash okanye chodesh (SHD 2320) elithetha iNyanga eNtsha – ngoko ke, lithetha inyanga. INyanga eNtsha ke ngoko yindlela yokumisela ukuqala kwenyanga. I-New Brown-Driver-Briggs-Gesenius Hebrew-English Lexicon ithetha ngeli gama (p. 294) ukuba ithetha iNyanga eNtsha okanye iNyanga ..."1. inyanga entsha njengosuku, ixesha lenyanga entsha njengomsitho wonqulo. 2. inyanga njengokuqala ngeNyanga eNtsha". Akukho mathandabuzo okokuba ngokwembali inyanga ibiqala ngeNyanga Entsha. Inyanga ibisoloko ikwayindibano yomthendeleko ngexesha leTempile kwaye uMbingeleli oMkhulu wayengena eTempileni ngolu suku kunye nangeSabatha.

Eli gama linxulumene no-châdar (SHD 2314), elithetha ukungqonga okanye ukuvalela, ukufihla okanye ukusonga ngesigqubuthelo. Kwinqaku layo elingene ku-Strong's 2314, iLexicon iyaqhubeka: "(njengento ejikelezayo) [ukusuka ku] II. ukuzimela emva kwesigqubuthelo, ukuzimela, ukuzibopha. IV. ukuzimela, ukuhlala okanye ukuhlala ngasemva njengokufaka inkemba kwifunda" (p. 294).

Intsingiselo yesiseko salo gama icacile ukuba yeyobumnyama obupheleleyo beNyanga eNtsha, hayi isigamu senyanga esalandelayo. Umba wesigamu senyanga uxoxwe kuxwebhu oluthi The Golden Calf (No. 222).

Enye intetho yenyanga yeyi-yerach (SHD 3391) (1Kgs. 6:37-38; 8:2; 2Kgs. 15:13; Zech. 11:8). Le ivela kwimpande engasetyenziswanga enentsingiselo engaqinisekanga kwaye ithetha ixesha lenyanga, oko kukuthi inyanga okanye inyanga. Elinye igama yileya yesiChaldean ethi yerach (SHD 3393), ehambelana ne-SHD 3391 (Ezira 6:15).

Igama elithi inyanga xa lisetyenziswa ngokwentetho yelanga nenyanga yi-SHD 3394 okanye i-SHD 3391. Inokuba yi-SHD 3842 (Isa. 24:23; 3 0:26). Igama elithi Nyanga Entsha (SHD 2320) liguqulelwe njenge nyanga ngesiNgesi. Izinto ezingaqhelekanga zenza kucace ukuba kubhekiselwa kusuku oluthile (1 Sam. 20:5,18,24; 2 ZiK. 4:23; Zib. 81:3; Isa. 66:23; Hez. 46:1,6; Amos 8:5). Iinyanga ke ngoko yinyanga yokuqala, eyesibini, eyesithathu njalo njalo yeNyanga Entsha.

INyanga Entsha ke ngoko yeyona nto iphambili okanye emiselayo yenyanga. Isisiseko sokubala amaxesha ngaphakathi kwenyanga. Kunjalo kuzo zonke iiNtsuku eziNgcwele, ingakumbi iiNyanga ezintsha ngokwazo (bona amaphepha IiNyanga ezintsha (No. 125); IiNyanga ezintsha zamaSirayeli (No. 132); kwaye ne Iivunulo zikaThixo, Izibingelo zeNyanga eNtsha, kunye ne-144,000 (No. 120)). Izimvo ngeenyanga ezenziwe kwiphepha elithi IiNyanga eziNtsha zikaSirayeli (No. 132) ziphinda zihlolwe ngezantsi ukubonisa ulandelelwano nokubaluleka kokusetyenziswa kwazo.

Igama lesiSaxon elithi Almanac libonakala ngathi livela kumagama esiAramaic athi al no manach athetha ukubala. UVerstigan, ekuphela kwento eyahlukileyo, uthi nangona kunjalo livela kwigama elithi al mon aght, oko kukuthi al mon heed okanye ukuphulaphula izinyanga. Ngokuqinisekileyo, ingqikelelo yeentsuku eziqala ziphele ngokutshona kwelanga okanye ngokuhlwa iyahambelana nesi simvelaphi saseMpuma (thelekisa noBrady, amaphe. 42 -43). Iialmanac zokuqala zazizikhalenda zomjikelo wenyanga, ezimile kwizikwere ezine zomthi, ezisekelwe kumlandelo weentsuku ezingama-30 nezingama-29 ohambelana nexesha lenjongo yokudibana kweenkwenkwezi nenyanga egcweleyo. Umlandelo wemihla owatshintshayo wawukwasisithethe sama-Arabhu. Ikopi yeAlmanac yokuqala yamaSaxon ifumaneka kuBrady (op. cit., Vol. 1, phakathi kwamaq. 42-43). Enye endala kakhulu ikwiKholeji yaseSt John, eCambridge, eNgilani.

Iinyanga zoNyaka

Inyanga ikwasisimboli kuba iyeyahluka-hluka. Inyanga Entsha imele ukuqala kwemisebenzi yomjikelo ngamnye. Kukho iinyanga ezilishumi elinambini kunyaka (ngaphandle kokongezwa kweentsuku) (1Kgs. 4:7; 1Chr. 27:1-15). Ngokubanzi kuthathwa ngokuba zinemihla engama-30 ubude kwaye yindlela ezibhekiselwa ngayo ngokweprofeto (Gen. 7:11; 8:3-4; Num. 20:29; Duteronomi 21:13; 34:8; Estere 4:11; Daniyeli 6:7-13).

Inyanga yePasika, eyiNisan okanye iAbib, iyalelwe ngokukodwa yiNkosi ukuba ibe sisiqalo sonyaka (bona kwakhona Numeri 9:1-3; 33:3; Yos. 4:19; Hez. 45:18,21). Olu qalo lubonisa ukukhululwa kweSirayeli kaThixo kwinkqubo yehlabathi (Gal. 1:4; Isity. 14:4).

I-Abib imiselwa yiNyanga Entsha ekufutshane ne-equinox yasentwasahlobo kwisiqingatha sehlabathi esingasentla, eqala ixesha lasehlotyeni. I-equinox yasekwindla kwisiqingatha sehlabathi esingasentla iqala ixesha lasebusika. La ngawona maxesha mabini akhankanywe yiBhayibhile (Gen. 8:22; Ps. 74:17). Ubalo luyaqondakala kakuhle:

Ukubonwa kwe-equinox yasekwindla, oko kukuthi, 'ukuphuma konyaka' (bona Ex. 23:16), kunye ne-equinox yasentwasahlobo, ebizwa ngokuba 'kubuya konyaka' (1 Ki. 20:26; 2 Ch. 36: 10 AV), yayibalulekile ekulawuleni ikhalenda kwaye ke ngoko nemibhiyozo. Ngoko ke unyaka wawuqala ngenyanga entsha ekufutshane ne-equinox yasentwasahlobo xa ilanga lalikwi-Aries (Jos., Ant. 3.201 [kungcono ukubona i-Ant. (Antiquities of the Jews) III.x.5]), kwaye iPasika ngomhla we-14 weNisan yayihambelana nenyanga yokuqala egcweleyo (Eks. 12:2-6). (The Illustrated Bible Dictionary, J D Douglas & N Hillyer, abahleli, IVP, 1980; inqaku elithi 'Calendar', iVol. 1, iphe. 223).

Iinyanga zibhalwe ngokulandelelana ukuze unyaka waziwe kwaye ungadideki kamva (Eks. 12:2; 13:4; 2ZiK. 30:2; Neh. 8:2). Iinyanga kunye neekhosi zababingeleli zonke zidweliswe kwi-1 IziKronike 27:1-15. Iinyanga ezintsha zazidweliswe kwiintsuku zonqulo kunye neSabatha neeNtsuku eziNgcwele kwiNumeri 28 ne-29 (ingakumbi kwiNumeri 28:1-2,11,14).

Indlela yokumisela inyanga yokuqala yonyaka (ebizwa ngokuba yiNisan okanye iAbib) kukuba ixesha lePasika ngomhla we-14 nowe-15 kuNisan kufuneka liwe emva kwe-equinox. Ngaloo ndlela, usuku lokulungiselela lwe-14 lunokuwela nge-equinox kodwa umhla we-15 kufuneka uwe emva kwe-equinox. La yayingamigaqo emibini elawulayo de kwaba kulungiswa kukaHillel. USchürer uqaphela umgaqo ongemalunga nePasika kwiSihlomelo sakhe esimalunga neKhalenda.

Iinyanga zazidla ngokubhalwa ngamanani kwaye ayingabo bonke iinyanga ezidweliswe ngamagama kwiZibhalo. Iinyanga zonyaka zezi:

1. Nisan (Matshi-Epreli) (okanye Abib: yamaKanaani)

2. Iyyar (Epreli-Meyi) (okanye Ziv: yamaKanaani)

3. Sivan (Meyi-Juni)

4. Tammuz (Juni-Julayi)

5. Ab (Julayi-Agasti)

6. Elul (Agasti-Septemba)7. Tishri (Septemba-Oktobha) (okanye Ethanim: yaseKhanani)

8. Marcheshvan (Oktobha-Novemba) (okanye Bul: yaseKhanani)

9. Chislev (Novemba-Disemba)

10. Tebeth (Disemba-Janyuwari)

11. Shebat (uJanuwari-uFebruwari)

12. Adar (uFebruwari-uMatshi)

Ezo zilingana nazo zaseBhabhiloni zezi:

1. Nisanu: inyanga yobulungiselelo

2. Ayaru: inyanga yokuhamba kwezithonga

3. Simanu: ixesha elimisiweyo okanye ixesha lokwenza izitena

4. Du-uzu: inyanga kaTammuz uthixo wenzalo

5. Abu: inyanga yeentlantsi6. Elulu okanye Ululu: inyanga yokucocwa

7. Teshritu: inyanga yokuqala

8. Arah-samna: inyanga yesibhozo

9. Kislimu: enentsingiselo engaqinisekanga

10. Tebitu: inyanga yokuntywila (emanzini)

11. Shabatu: inyanga yezaqhwithi nemvula

12. Adaru: inyanga yesibaya.

Umjikelo weenyanga zenyanga ezilishumi elinambini (iintsuku eziyi-354¼) uphantsi kunonyaka welanga (iintsuku eziyi-365¼). Ngenxa yokuba umthendeleko wePasika-Mazzoth wasentwasahlobo, oqala umjikelo wemithendeleko yezolimo, kwakufuneka ugcinwe ngexesha elimisiweyo lonyaka, kuyacaca ukuba kutheni inyanga eyongezelelweyo ibekwa ku-Adar ekupheleni konyaka.

IPasika kufuneka ingqamane nesivuno sokuqala (esilandelayo i-equinox) kwaye ke ngoko ukuqala konyaka kuxhomekeke kwindawo yenyanga ngelo xesha apho kuqala khona isivuno sebhali.

Igama elithi Abib lithetha iindlebe eziluhlaza kwaye iindlebe eziluhlaza zazisikwa zize zosiwe, zingekafiki 'ekubeni mhlophe kwesivuno'. Isivuno sokuqala seendlebe eziluhlaza sasikwa saza sazanyazanyiswa njengeSithungu esiNyazwayo, ngaloo ndlela kwaqala ukubalwa kwe-omer ukuya ePentekoste . Ulandelelwano kuYoshuwa lwalunjalo: bathatha iMhlaba oyiNgcwele baza batya ingqolowa endala ngentsasa elandelayo emva kwePasika, oko kukuthi, ngentsasa yomhla we-15 weNyanga yokuQala, kwaye imanna yaye yaphela (Yos. 5:11). Izindlebe eziluhlaza azikhankanywanga kuba babesitya izindlebe ezintsha ze-Abib emva kweSithungu esithiwa, into leyo eyayingekenzeki ngelo xesha. Ngenxa yoko, kukhankanywa kuphela ingqolowa endala njengento eyayityiwa. Isithungu esithiwa sasisimela uMeshiya, owayengowokuqala ukuvuka kwabafileyo.

Isimelelo sokomoya sibaluleke kakhulu. ImiSitho ixhomekeke kwiNyanga eziNtsha hayi okunye. Igama lenyanga eyongezelelweyo nguWeAdar (okanye and Adar) ngokweM. Ned VIII.5 (jonga i-Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible, Vol. 1, p. 487). Izibalo zabarhabhi zibonisa ukuba kwiminyaka esixhenxe kweyishumi elinesithoba kukho inyanga eyongezelelweyo, esiyibiza ngokuba nguAdar II.

Njengoko sibonile, iinyanga zamiselwa ziNyanga Ezintsha kwaye isicwangciso sonke soSindiso siboniswa ukusuka kwiNyanga Entsha nganye ngokubalwa kweeNtlanga kunye nokuboniswa kwazo kumjikelo wezivuno zokwenene eziphathekayo. Unyaka usekelwe kunyaka onophawu okanye onqikelelweyo weentsuku ezingama-360, onyanga ezilishumi elinambini zeentsuku ezingama-30 (jonga iphepha elithi Izivuno zikaThixo, Amaxhoba eNyanga Entsha, kunye ne-144,000 (NguNomb. 120) malunga neziphumo kwiMibhiyozo nakwaba-144,000); oku kwaziwa njengexesha. Eli xesha linokwandiswa ngokweprofeto, ngokusekelwe kumgaqo wonyaka-ngosuku, libe ngeminyaka engama-360. Izihlandlo ezisixhenxe zenza iminyaka engama-2,520, isiqingatha saleyo nkqubo (okanye iminyaka eli-1,260) sibe lixesha, amaxesha namaxesha enesiqingatha aseDaniyeli 12:7.

Kuqatshelwa kwiphepha elithi UMoses noothixo baseYiputa (No. 105) ukuba uThixo wajongana nenkqubo yamaYiputa noothixo bayo ngeGabiso. UThixo wajongana nenkqubo yamaBhabhiloni ngokuseka ngokufanelekileyo iKhalenda neCawa. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba inkqubo yamaBhabhiloni yaqala unyaka ukusuka kwinyanga yokuqala, iTeshritu okanye iTishri. Ukusuka kule nyanga uMeshiya uza kuseka uSiqalo Esitsha, esifuziswa yiFeast yeTrompethi, uSuku loXolelo neFeast yeeTabernakile.

uTishri umiselwa yiNyanga eNtsha, leyo yiFeast yeeTrompethi. Kwakhona, kuxelwe kwiphepha elithi IiNyanga eziNtsha zikaSirayeli (No. 132) ukuba inyanga yokuqala yamenywa njengeNyanga yesixhenxe. Kwalapho kwaphawulwa ukuba olu landelelwano lwalumela ukusekwa phantsi koMeshiya kwezigaba ezisixhenxe zeeCawa ezisixhenxe. Ukubaluleka kwako kucaciswa kumaphepha angokweNyanga eziNtsha. Ingcaciso yophawu lweeNtlanga iyaphindwa (icatshulwe ngezantsi kwi-The New Moons (No. 125):

Unyaka wenzelwa ukuqala kwinyanga yobulungiselelo eyayimela idini lePasika likaMesiya. Le nyanga yaqalisa ivuno elalilikwayeyokuqala kulandelelwano lwezivuno, oko kukuthi, ivuno lwebhali. UThixo ke waqhubeka nenkqubo yezivuno kuyo yonke isigaba ngasinye esiziixesha ezithathu zokuvuna. Ezi ziPasika neSonka Esingenyeveni, uMthendeleko Weeveki, kunye noMthendeleko Weetende okanye woKuqokelela. UMthendeleko Weeveki umelwe kube yivunwa yeCawa phambi kokubuya kweMesia. Le yinkqubo eqhubekayo.

Ngaloo ndlela iPentekoste sisiqalo solandelelwano oluqhubeka kwiinyanga ezintlanu ukusuka kuSivan ukuya kuTishri, nangona kukho ezisixhenxe kulandelelwano ukusuka kuNisan ukuya kuTishri. Ezi zintlanu ziilitye uDavide azikhupha emlanjeni (jonga iphepha uDavide noGoliyati (No. 126)). ISardis neLaodikeya ziyasuswa. USivan uqalisa ukwenziwa kwezitena zeTempile kaThixo. Olu landelelwano ke luquka ukuzalwa ngokutsha (Du-uzu: Tammuz), iintlanga (Abu: Ab) okanye amakhandlela eCawa kunye nokucocwa (Elulu: Elul) kwabakhethiweyo. Kungoko iinyanga ukusuka kuSimanu (Sivan) ukuya kuTeshritu (Tishri) zibalwa kwisimboli yobuKristu ngolu hlobo zisusa eyaseBhabhiloni. Ukutshiswa kweentlanga nge-9-10 Ab kwavunyelwa ngenxa yokuthanda izithixo kukaSirayeli ngokwesiqhelo saseBhabhiloni.

Iinyanga ziliwaka elinambini zizonke, kunye nenyanga yeshumi elinesithathu (Adar II) efakwa phakathi kathandathu kwiminyaka nganye elishumi elinesithoba. Le minyaka ilishumi elinesithoba iphawula umjikelo opheleleyo. Iinyanga ngokwazo ziyawumisela lo mda njengoko zijikeleza kwimihla yonyaka. Amadini emibhiyozo afikelela kuma-72 ekuhambeni konyaka, kwaye aquka: iSabatha ezingamashumi amahlanu anesibini, iintsuku ezisixhenxe ezingcwele, kunye neNyanga ezintsha ezilishumi elinesibini kunye neGada yomqhaphu wokuqala. Iitrompethi ngokwendalo lidadi eliphindwe kabini, kuba iyimbhiyozo yeNyanga eNtsha kwangaxeshanye (Num. 29:1 -6).

Inyama yokuVungula iNkqwaba, xa idityaniswe neeNtlanga neeNyanga eziNtsha, inentsingiselo enkulu, eyathethwa ngayo kuxwebhu oluthi Iivuno zikaThixo, iiNyama zeNyanga eNtsha, kunye ne-144,000 (No. 120). Unxulumano lweenyanga ezongezelelweyo lunonxulumano nolawulo lukaThixo ngaphakathi kwaSirayeli nakwinkqubo yezulu, njengoko kuphawulwe kwiphepha elithi Iinyanga Ezintsha ZamaSirayeli (No. 132). Yonke imisebenzi kaThixo ekudalweni iphathwa ngesimboli ezibonakaliswa kungekuphela nje kuhambo lwezulu kodwa nakwabela-mthwalo wolungelelwaniso noxanduva lwamaSirayeli. ISirayeli, njengesizwe kunye neCawa phakathi kwesivumelwano, isekelwe kuloo lwalamano (jonga iphepha Isivumelwano SikaThixo (No. 152)).

Isicatshulwa esisuka kwiphepha No. 125 siyaqhubeka:

Ubudlelwane busekelwe kumsebenzi wenyanga eyongezelelweyo njengoko yenzeka kunyaka weenyanga ezilishumi elinambini eziqhelekileyo. USirayeli umele le nkqubo ngeembi. USirayeli uneembi ezilishumi elinambini. Ezi zezi, ukusuka emantla: uDan, uAsher uNaphtali, uYuda, uIssachar, uZebulun, uReyubeni, uSime on, Gad, Ephraim, Manasseh, Benjamin (bona INum. 10:11; thelekisa noHezekile 1:4 ff.) . Isizwe sikaLevi sigxile kwItende. Ngoko ke kukho izizwe ezilishumi elinambini kodwa uYosefu unelungelo lokuzalwa kwaye wahlulwa kabini ukwenza izizwe ezilishumi elinambini, isizwe sikaLevi siyeka isabelo salo ukuze senze umsebenzi wobungqerhi. Ngoko ke isicwangciso somsebenzi weSirayeli esingumzimba samiselwa kwiinkwenkwezi ekudalweni. UAdar II umele ubungqerhi njengenyanga yesithathu kunye nesizwe. Le nyanga yenzeka kasixhenxe kumjikelo.

Lo mjikeloimele iimiphefumlo ezisixhenxe zikaThixo njengoko zenza imisebenzi yazo phantsi kweengelosi zeCawa ezisixhenxe. Le ngxaki ayinakusombululwa okanye iqondwe ngaphandle kokuqonda iNyanga Ezintsha.

Iinyanga Ezintsha zazisisiseko kwinkqubo yonqulo njengoko yayimisiwe kwikhalenda yesiHebhere. Kwakufuneka zigcinwe ngokuchanekileyo kwaye ukuqondwa kwazo kwakusembindini wokuqonda iSicwangciso soSindiso. Inkqubo yamaSirayeli yayingahambisani nenkolo kwaye yayisoloko idilizwa. Yayifuneka ibuyiselwe rhoqo ngommeli otyunjwe nguThixo. Kwakukho ukubuyiselwa okuninzi kunye nokuphazamiseka okuninzi ekumiseleni le nkqubo.

Kuyabonakala ukuba iNyanga eNtsha yayisisiseko sokubala kwikhalenda yonqulo. Oku kwaphathwa gadalala amaxesha amaninzi. Ixesha lokugqibela neliqhubekayo likaYuda lalingaphantsi koRabhi Hillel II ngo-358 CE, apho iiSabatha zazisele zinzima kakhulu ngenxa yemikhosi eyayizisiwe kangangokuba yonke inkqubo yokubala kwafuneka itshintshwe ukuze kwenzeke ukugcina imikhosi eyayimiswe ngamaFarisi. Oku kubona kwenziwa ukulawula iNyanga eNtsha ukuze imikhosi ikwazi ukugcinwa. Ukuze kulawulwe abantu ababenokuphikisa isibhengezo esichanekileyo seNyanga eNtsha, kwamiselwa ezinye iimida, njengokuba ngubani onokuba ngumngqina othembekileyo weNyanga eNtsha. Abafazi bakhutshwa njengabangqina kwaye kwakhona kwakho iindidi zabantu ababenokuba ngababukeli abazimeleyo, abanjengabagcini beenkukhu-nkuku (jonga iMishnah ngeendidi).

Makhe sijonge izimvo ngemeko yembali ezivela kumbhalo wamaphepha ethi Iinyanga Ezintsha (No. 125) :

Isimo Esiqhelekileyo Sezembali

Umthendeleko Wenyanga Entsha, owaziwa ngamaYuda njengoRosh Hodesh, wawusenzeka ngomhla wokuqala wenyanga, xa kuvela isigaba sokuqala senyanga (Hayyim Schauss The Jewish Festivals: History and Observance, tr. Samuel Jaffe, Schocken Books, New York, 1938, p. 275). Ngaloo ndlela unxulumene nokuvela kweNyanga Entsha.

Kwakukho ixesha apho iRosh Chodesh yayingumthendeleko omkhulu, ibaluleke kakhulu kunoMgqibelo weveki...Esinye isizathu sokubaluleka kwayo sasinikwe yinyaniso yokuba umhla wazo zonke iMithendeleko yamaYuda wawuxhomekeke kwiNyanga eNtsha (ibid., p. 274).

Le ngxoxo yingqikelelo nje. IBhayibhile ibonisa ukuba yayibalulekile kodwa hayi ngaphezu koMgqibelo. Yayibaluleke ngaphezu kwezidlo ezikhulu njengoko siza kubona.

IBhayibhile icacisa ngokufanayo iNyanga eNtsha neefestile (Num. 10:10). IFestile yeNyanga eNtsha yayilusuku lwesidlo kwaye yayibhiyozelwa ngosuku olulandelayo emva kokubonwa kweNyanga eNtsha (New Catholic Encyclopedia, Vol. 10, McGraw Hill, NY, 1967, p. 382)

"Kwixesha lokuqala lamaRabi, usuku lweNyanga eNtsha lwalimiswa yiSanhedrin eYerusalem, emva kokwamkela ubungqina bamangqina ababebonile ababebesithi babone inyanga entsha. Maxa wambi amaRabi aye alibazisa ngabom iRosh Hodesh ukuze athintele uSuku loXolelo ukuba lungawi ngoLwesihlanu okanye ngeCawa. Ikhalenda esisigxina yamiselwa nguHillel II ngo-358 CE kwaye oku kwabonelela ngomhla ochanekileyo we iRosh Hodesh nganye isekelwe kwiingqikelelo zeenkwenkwezi nezobalo" (The Ency. of Judaism, Geoffery Widoger, Macmillan, NY, 1989, p. 502).

Qaphela ukuba oku kwakusekwixesha lokuqala lamarabi. Oko kukudala emva kokuwa kweTempile ngo-70 CE. Ngaloo ndlela, ukulungiswa kweNyanga eNtsha ngamaRabi kwamiselwa kwikhalenda kaHillel. Akunagunya lweBhayibhile.

Apha sinobungqina bokulibaziseka okwenzwa ngabom phambi kwekhalenda kaHillel. Qaphela ukuba asithethi ngexesha leTempile Yesibini kodwa ngamaxesha kamva okuqala obuRabi. Nangona kunjalo, iingxelo zeNew Catholic Encyclopedia malunga nokulibaziswa ukuya kusuku olulandelayo zibonisa ukungazi ngamaxesha okuhlwayiswa. Kwakucingelwa ukuba iNyanga Entsha yayiqala ukubonakala njenge-crescent kwiiyure ezintandathu emva kokudibana kweenkwenkwezi. Ngaloo ndlela, yayilibaziswa kuphela ukuba ukudibana kweenkwenkwezi okanye iNyanga Entsha emnyama ngokupheleleyo kwenzeka emva kweeyure ezili-1200. Lo mthetho wamiselwa kwimigaqo yokulibazisa.Isicatshulwa siyaqhubeka:

Akukho mathandabuzo okuba iNyanga eNtsha mandulo yayibaluleke ubuncinci njengeSabatha. "Umthendeleko weNyanga eNtsha mandulo wawumile ubuncinci kwinqanaba elinye nelo leSabatha. (J Wellhausen, Prolegomena to the History of Israel, 1885, p. 113)."

Inyanga eNtsha yayilixesha elingcwele ngokwenene kwaye yayibhiyozelwa ngosuku lokumiswa kweNyanga eNtsha ngokudibana kweenkwenkwezi. Oku kwakuyi yayibaliswa kwangaphambili. Olu qalo lutsha lwaluphawulwa ngamadini akhethekileyo (Num. 28:11-15) apho kwakukhothwa khona imigubasi (Num. 10:10; Ps. 81:3). Umsebenzi oqhelekileyo wawungenziwa. UKumkani wayebamba izidlo ezikhethekileyo ngeNyanga eNtsha. UDavide ukhankanya ukubaluleka kwesi siganeko ku-1 Samuweli 20:5. UDavide wayeza kube engabonakali enkundleni yobukhosi kuba isitulo sakhe etafileni sasingayi kuba sesikho. Babe besazi kwangaphambili ngenyanga entsha eyayiza kuvela.

1 Samuweli 20:18 Wathi uYonatan kuDavide, Ngomso yinyanga entsha; kwaye indawo yakho iya kuba yintlangu, kuba isitulo sakho siya kuba sisisithuba. (KJV)

Iinyanga ezintsha ngoko yayizindibano ezinyanzelekileyo kwiNkundla yakwaSirayeli, ezazaziwa kwangaphambili. Oku kwenza ibe yinto engenantsingiselo nayiphi na isicelo senkqubo yokubona. UDavid wayigcina iinyanga ezintsha kunye neSabatha neeMibhiyozo ngokwenani, ngokomyalelo owawuyalelwe bona (1 IziKronike 23:30-31). Ngoko ke, kwakukho umyalelo omisiweyo ukususela kwixesha elidala. USolomon naye wayezigcina ezi ntsuku. Lo yayingumthetho ongunaphakade kwaSirayeli.

Iinyanga ezintsha zikhankanywa zibekwe phambili kuneMibhiyozo.

2 IziKronike 2:4 Nantsi, ndiyakha indlu egameni lika iNkosi uThixo wam, ukuyinikela kuye, nokutshisa phambi kwakhe imbuya elimnandi, nokuba sisidlo esihlala sijongisiwe, neminikelo etshiswayo yasekuseni nasemva kwemini, ngeSabatha, nangeenyanga ezintsha, nangeentsuku ezinkulu zeNkosi uThixo wethu. Lo ngumthetho ongunaphakade kwaSirayeli. (KJV)

Iinyanga Ezintsha zazibhengezwa, kunye neeSabatha neeMibhiyozo emisiweyo, nguElisha (2Kgs. 4:23), nangoHezekiya, njengoko kubhalwe kuMthetho weNkosi (2Chr. 31:3). Lo mkhwa waqhubeka nguEzira (Ezra 3:5) noNehemiya (Neh. 10:29-33). Yaqhubeka kude kube ngumxesha kaKristu nabeApostola, kwaye iKhalenda, kuquka iNyanga eziNtsha, yayibekwa esweni eKolose (Khol. 2:16). Injongo yeKhalenda kwiiSabatha nakwiNyanga eziNtsha nakwiMibhiyozo emisiweyo yayikukuba zibe ziinkumbulo zikaSirayeli phambi koThixo, nokuthethelelwa kwezono (Num. 10:10, 33) . Lo mthetho umiselwe ngokulandelelana nangakwizahluko ezifanayo njengoko kunjalo kuCwangciso loMlo lwaseSirayeli. Ikalenda ke ngoko iyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yeSivumelwano sikaThixo nakwinjongo kaThixo ngaphakathi kuSicwangciso soSindiso.

INyanga eNtsha kufuneka ithathwe njengosuku lokunqula nokuhlanganisana, njengoko kunjalo ngeSabatha neMibhiyozo (1 Sam. 20:5,18; Isa. 66:23; Ezek. 46:1-3). Ukusondezwa kwesibingelelo asiyondaba, njengoko kwagcwaliswa kuMesiya. Uthobelo yeyona nto ibalulekileyo (Jer. 7:22-24; Heb. 10:1-6).

Isicatshulwa esisuka kwiphepha elinguNombolo 125 siyaqhubeka:

Unyaka Omtsha kwiNyanga eNtsha yenyanga yokuqala uAbib wawunentsingiselo ekhethekileyo (Ps. 81:3-5; cf. Inyanga noNyaka oMtsha (No. 213). Inyanga Entsha yenyanga yesixhenxe yayingcwaliswe ngokukodwa (Lev. 23:24-25; Num. 29:1-6). I-2 KuKumkani 4:23 icebisa ukuba zombini iNyanga eNtsha kunye neeSabatha zazithathwa njengethuba lokubonisana neemprofeti, kwaye uHezekile waphawula iNyanga eNtsha njengosuku olukhethekileyo lonqulo (Hez. 46:1,3).

[I-Judaica kunye nobuYuda bale mihla ziqinisekisa ukuba]: Ekuqaleni, uNyanga oMtsha kuthiwa wawungamiselwa ngokubalwa kweenkwenkwezi, kodwa wawubhengezwa ngesidima emva kokuba amangqina engqinile ukuvela kwakhona kwesikwere senyanga. Abaphathi abangamaRhabhi bakholelwa ukuba ngomhla wama-30 wenyanga nganye, amalungu eNkundla ePhakamileyo ayedibana kwintendelezo eYerusalem, ebizwa ngokuba yiBeit Ya'azek, apho bebelindele ukufumana ubungqina babangqina ababini abathembekileyo; baze emva koko bangcwalisa iNyanga eNtsha. Ukuba isikwere senyanga asibonakali ngomhla wama-30, iNyanga eNtsha ibibhiyozelwa ngokuzenzekelayo ngomhla wama-31. Ukwazisa abantu ngokuqala kwenyanga, kwakutshiswa izibane ezikhanyayo kwiNtaba yeeMnquma, zaza zisasazeka kwilizwe lonke nakwiindawo zeDiaspora.

[Kuthiwa ke emva koko] Kamva, amaSamarita aqalisa ukulayita izibane ezilahlekisayo, kwaye iNkundla Ephakamileyo yathumela iintumwa kwiindawo ezikude. Loo Mjuda babehlala kumgama omkhulu ukusuka eYerusalem bahlala begubha usuku lwama-30 lwenyanga njengeNyanga Entsha. Kwezo zihlandlo xa bebenxulunyaniswa ngokuhlehliswa kwayo kusuku lwama-31, nabo babugcina obu busuku besibini njengeNyanga Entsha (RH 1:3-2:7). Phakathi kwenkulungwane yesine, iingqonyela zazisele ziseke ikhalenda esisigxina yaye isibhengezo soluntu seNyanga Entsha sayekwa. Noko ke, intsalela yesi senzo sokuqala isagcinwe kwisithethe sesinagoge sokubhengeza iNyanga Entsha ngeSabatha engaphambi kwembhiyozo yayo (Ency. Judaica, Vol. 12, p. 1039).

Le nkqubo bubungqina bokulawulwa kweKhalenda ngamaRabi. Akukho nyanga ikhe ibe yinde kungeeentsuku ezingamashumi amathathu – kwaye babesazi loo nto. Qaphela kwakhona amagqabantshintshi kaJohn Bowman malunga namaSamarita nokwamkelwa kolu phoso lwamaRhabhi apha ngasentla. Inkqubo yokuqala yayisekelwe kubalo ngokwe-conjunction, kwaye amaSadusi namaSamarita bobabini benza into enye. Qaphela amagqabantshintshi apha okuba kamva amaSamarita aqalisa ukulayita izibane ezilahlekisayo: Kutheni kamva? AmaSamarita ayengayitshintshanga inkqubo yawo. Ihlale injalo kangangeenkulungwane ezingaphezu kwamashumi amabini anesihlanu zobuYuda obuzimeleyo, obona butshintshe kakhulu emva kokutshiswa kweTempile. YayinguYuda owaqala ukudlala ngekhhalenda esekelwe kwizithethe zabarhabi ebezingavumelekanga okanye zamkelekanga ngexesha leTempile. Ukulawulwa kwekhalenda kwakungenxa yokuba abasemagunyeni babengakhange baphuhlise inkqubo ecacileyo yokumisela ukulibaziswa kweentsuku ukuze kukhuselwe izithethe. Oku kwachaphazela inani leenyanga ezinemihla engamashumi amathathu kunyaka, njengoko siza kubona kamva. Isiphumo esinjalo saba yinto engenakuchazwa kwaye engahambelaniyo nesiko lemihla yakudala.

Iinyanga Ezintsha azikhankanywanga kwiLevitiki 23 kuba olo aluloluhlu olupheleleyo lweentsuku zonqulo zikaSirayeli kunye neKhalenda Engcwele. INumbers 28 ne 29 ibonisa kuphela uluhlu olupheleleyo lweentsuku zonqulo. ISiqhumiso Somgquba Osongwayo siqukiwe kwiLevitiki 23 nangona ingeyoNtsuku Engcwele, kuba siyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yeFeast yeSonka Esingenamvubelo, kwaye sisona sixhobo siphambili se iVunwa likaThixo. ISiThotyelwa seNkcenkce ePhaphazelwayo kufuneka sigcinwe kunye neMibhiyozo (thelekisa nempapashwe ethi IsiThotyelwa seNkcenkce ePhaphazelwayo (No. 106b)).

Kuyabonakala kwimbali ukuba ikhalenda yamaYuda yanamhlanje ayizange iqalise ukuzinziswa de kwaba phakathi kwenkulungwane yesine, ngokwesigunyaziso samaYuda. Emva koko yaphinda yalungiswa yaza yatshintshwa de kwaba kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinanye. Ubalo oluchanekileyo lweNyanga eNtsha lususa nakuphi na ukungaqiniseki kubalo, okanye umbhiyozo wamazwe ngamazwe weNyanga eNtsha.

Kungoko, inkqubo yakudala yamaYuda yeeRhabhi yayikukuba, xa iNyanga eNtsha ingabonwa ngosuku ekwela ngalo (oko kukuthi, yela ngexesha lokukhanya kwemini), ibonwa ngosuku olulandelayo. Oku ngumqhulu ngokwenene kuba iNyanga eNtsha iwela kolu luhlu njengomgaqo. Loo nto ikwayiyo umgaqo wangaphambili wemva koBhetele owaqaliswa ukuze kubekho ukubhiyozelwa kweNyanga eNtsha. Ayinanto yakwenza nokubalwa kweMolad yaseTishri, njengoko kwamiselwa ukusukela kwinkulungwane yesine phantsi kukaHillel II. Kutshanje, imeko iye yaba mandundu ngakumbi, njengoko kucacisiwe kuxwebhu oluthi The New Moons (No. 125).

Siyaqhubeka ngesi sicatshulwa:

Kwaba yifashoni ngokuza kweSociology kunye neZifundo zezoNqulo ezisakhulayo ukuphatha iimfuno zebhayibhile zeSabatha neNyanga eNtsha njengezinto ezikhuphisanayo ngenkxaso yabantu bamaHebhere. Iinyanga ezintsha ziphathwa njengamasalela esikhumbuzo senkolo yokuqula uThixo weNyanga. USchauss wayenoluvo olunjalo xa wayebhala i-The Jewish Festivals (p. 274). Uphinde ajonge iPentateuch njengengathi ibhalwe ngamacandelo amabini, icandelo elidala libhalwe phambi kobukhoboka baseBhabhiloni kwaye elitsha libhalwe emva kokubuya. Uthi icandelo elidala alikhankanyi lo mthendeleko. Ufikelela kwesi sigqibo ngenxa yokuba iiNyanga ezintsha azikhankanywanga kwi-Eksodus 23:14-19; 34:17-26; Deuteronomi 16, okanye kwiLevitiki 23. Ngoko ke uqukumbela ngelithi incwadi yeNomboro kumele ukuba yinxalenye yasemva kwexesha. Akazange anike bungqina obuxhasayo esi siqikelelo sakhe. Luhlobo lweengxoxo oluqhelekileyo kubaxhasi beenkolo bangexesha langoku. Isizathu sokwenene sesi simo kukuba ukubuya ekuthinjweni akuzange kubekho kubuyiselwa ngokupheleleyo.

"Emva kokubuya ekuthinjweni eBhabhiloni kwafikelelwa kwisivumelwano; iRosh Chodesh yayingekho yamkelwa njengomhla omkhulu opheleleyo, apho umsebenzi wawungavumelekanga, kodwa kwakulungiselelwa amadini akhethekileyo ngaloo mini eTempileni.

Unanamhla amaYuda enza isithethe esikhethekileyo sokwamkela inyanga entsha: kukho umthandazo okhethekileyo kwisinagoge ngeSabatha engaphambi kwe iNyanga Entsha, kwaye kukho umsitho ongcwalisayo iNyanga Entsha ngentsikelelo ekhethekileyo ekufuneka ifundwe elubala xa iNyanga Entsha ivela (Schauss, p. 274) ." Kwathiwa yinto eqinisekileyo ukuba ukuncipha kwenzekile, kodwa ingcaciso ayinakunikezelwa ngokupheleleyo. Umzekelo ubonakala kwezi zicatshulwa zilandelayo ezisuka kwincwadi ethi The Hebrew Concept of Time and the Effect on the Development of the Sabbath, ebhalwe nguDiana R. Engel, The American University, Washington, 1976.

"Akukho kurhweba kwakwenzeka ngosuku lwenyanga entsha (usuku olulandelayo emva kokuba kuvele isiqwengana senyanga sokuqala esibhakabhakeni). Iminikelo yenyanga entsha, eneneni, yayigqitha leyo yeSabatha (Num. 28:11-5; Ezek. 46:4-7) . Noko ke, ukubaluleka ngokwenkolo kwenyanga entsha kwehla ngelixa oko kweSabatha kwanda (amaphe. 69-70)."

Qaphela apha kwakhona ukuba u-Engel uthathile ngokuba ukubonwa kokuqala kwenyanga kwakukubonwa kwayo, kwaye kusathathwa ngokuba usuku olulandelayo emva kokubonwa kokuqala kwenyanga. Oku kubeka uthotho lokulibaziswa kwiNyanga eNtsha. Akukho bungqina obucacisiweyo obuxhasayo olu qikelelo. Isicatshulwa siyaqhubeka ukusuka kwiphepha elinguNombolo 125.

Omnye umzekelo wokungacacanga koku kwehla uyabonakala kuWidoger." Akucaci ukuba nini okanye njani iNyanga eNtsha yalahlekelwa sisimo sayo somthendeleko. Oku kwakusele kusenzekile ngexesha amaYuda abuya ekuthinjweni ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yesithandathu phambi kokuZalwa kweKristu. Yayisengasayiyo iholide epheleleyo, kodwa yayiyiholide engaphelelanga, njengeHol ha-Mo' ed (iintsuku eziphakathi, zokusebenza zePasika neSukkot) xa oorabhi babethintela yonke imisebenzi ngaphandle kweyona ibalulekileyo kwaye abafazi babeneholide yokusuka ekuthungeni nasekulukeni kwabo. Iimeko zoqoqosho ezinzima ngakumbi mhlawumbi yayisesizathu sokuthotywa kweNyanga eNtsha, ingakumbi kuba kwakungekho zizathu zonqulo okanye zembali zokuyeka ukusebenza ngaloo mini. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, nesidima sayo sokuba yiholide encinci sanyamalala yaza yaba yimini yesiqhelo yokusebenza njengazo zonke ezinye, ngaphandle kweenguqulelo ezithile zenkonzo" (Widoger, op. cit., p. 502).

Noko ke, abantu abangamaYuda bayazigcina iinyanga ezintsha njengoko nayo yayenza iCawa. Abantu abaqhelekileyo, noko ke, babesenza izinto ngokungathambekanga yaye babejonge kurhwebo njengoko babenjenjalo nangeSabatha neeMibhiyozo njengoko sisazi. "Inyanga entsha izakuphela nini, ukuze sithengise ingqolowa?

NangeSabatha, ukuze sithengise ingqolowa. (Amos 8:5)"

KumaYuda iSabatha yaba lusuku olubaluleke kakhulu enyakeni. Enyanisweni uDiana Engel uthi usuku lweSabatha lwaba:

"ngaphezu kosuku nje olunye okanye umthetho omnye. Yayimele kubo uninzi lwento ababekholelwa kuyo nababemi ngayo. ... Akunakugxininiswa ngokwaneleyo ukuba ibaluleke kangakanani iSabatha kuSirayeli, indlela ababeyinqwenela ngayo yaye beyibhengeza."(p. 83).

Kodwa abazange bayiqonde ngokwenene! Abazange baqonde ukubaluleka ngokomoya kweSabatha njengoko bengayiqondi iNyanga Entsha. INyanga Entsha kwafuneka incitshiswe ukubaluleka yiYuda yamaRabi, kuba yayisongela inkqubo yokulibazisa ngokwayo. Ayinakususwa ngokupheleleyo kuba iBhayibhile icace gca ngalo mbandela kwaye ke ngoko kwafuneka incitshiswe ukubaluleka, ukuze kungena ikhalenda yobuxoki.

Ngokwe-The Lion Handbook of the Bible (abahleli uD & P Alexander, Lion Publishing, 1984)

"Ikhalenda yamaYuda aNgqongqo inenyanga ezilishumi elinesibini eqala ngenyanga entsha nganye (isangqa senyanga esibonakalayo)" (p. 112).

Akukho bungqina bunikwe ngale ngxelo (isangqa senyanga esibonakalayo). Uninzi lwabaYuda abangqongqo, kunye nenani elikhulu labaphengululi benkulungwane yamashumi amabini, ngokuchasene nobungqina esinabo, isenzo sabo, kunye nengqiqo, bayijonga iNyanga eNtsha njengesangqa senyanga. Akuzange kube njalo. Ikhalenda yamaSamariya esekhoyo nanamhlanje ingqina ukuba oku bubuxoki.

"Igama lesibini lesiHebhere elithetha inyanga, i-hodesh, lithetha ngokuchanekileyo 'ubutsha' be-crescent yenyanga." (Encyc. Brit., 15th edition, Vol. 15, p. 465).

Njengoko sibonile, inkcazelo yegama elithi chodesh ayinanto yakwenza nencwadi yenyanga. Incwadi yenyanga yenye inkqubo yonqulo ejoliswe kwinkqubo yeSine neBaal/Ashtoreth kunye nembingelelo yabantu (thelekisa amaphepha INkare Yegolide (No. 222) kunye Nemvelaphi yeKrisimesi nePasika (No. 235)). Isiseko salo silwimi sithetha ukuba kufihliwe. I-Britannica iyaqhubeka nesi sitatimende (esiyinyani kuphela ngokuyinxenye), esiphikisana nengqiqo yesiHebhere edluliselwa kwisimboli yamagama.

Isicatshulwa siyaqhubeka:

"Kwikhalenda yonqulo, ukuqala kwenyanga kwakumiswa ngokubona ukhwekhwezana lwenyanga entsha, kwaye umhla wePasika wawunxulunyaniswa nokuvuthwa kwengqolowa yamasi" (ibid.).

"… ukubonakala kokuqala kwenyanga entsha ngoko ke kukuzalwa ngokutsha okanye ukutshintshwa kwekudala ngentsha (ibid., p. 573)."

Malunga nonyaka wama-344 CE kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo ngekhhalenda kaHillel yowama-358, ukubonwa okubonakalayo kweNyanga eNtsha kwathathelwa indawo ziinkqubo zokubala eziyimfihlo zeenkwenkwezi. Iitheyibhile zanamhlanje ziqinisekisa ukubekwa okugqibeleleyo nokuchanekileyo.

"Ikhhalenda (yamaYuda) ke ngoko yeyomzobo kwaye ayixhomekekanga kwiNyanga eNtsha yokwenene. (Encyc. Brit., op. cit., p. 466)".

(iphindwe icatshulwe ku-W. E. Cox The New Moons (No. 125), Christian Churches of God, 1995, 1999).

Ikhalenda yamaYuda ke ngoko iyaphikisana nenjongo yezibhalo zeBhayibhile neMithetho. Kuyacaca ukuba ikhalenda yamaYuda okanye kaHillel, njengoko kuvunywa ukuba izimele kwiNyanga eNtsha yokwenyani, ayinakubonakalisa ngokuchanekileyo iMithetho kaThixo,

ezingaboneleli ngotshintsho lweeSabatha, okanye ukususwa kwazo kwiNyanga eNtsha yokwenene. Ingqikelelo yezifundiswa zale mihla yokuba iNyanga eNtsha yayibonwa njengoncanca-nyanga ibonakala isekelwe kwisiseko esingekho ngqondweni kwaphela, ngokungazi izenzo ezaziwayo zamaSamariya namaSaduse, kwaye kungahambelani nemithetho yokulibazisa ngokwayo. Umthetho olandelayo wawubonakala ungowokuba isigamu senyanga kufuneka sikhule ukusuka kwiNyanga Entsha ngaphakathi kosuku eyabonakala ngalo; ngoko ke, umthetho weeyure ezili-1200 wokulibazisa. Isikwere sasidibene nokunqula uThixo wenyanga uSin kwaye asiyonto yenziwa ngokweSibhalo. Igama lethu elithi isono ngokwalo lisuka kwizithethe zakudala njengoko zibonwa ngembono yesiHebhere neyeSibhalo. Indlela yethu yokubala iNyanga eNtsha isekelwe kwimeko yayo yokukhanya kwaye ayizange itshintshe, ilandela isithethe samaSamarita amandulo. Loo nto ngokwayo kufanele ibe bubungqina obucacileyo. Yinkolo yamaYuda yanamhlanje ekwimeko yesono esingapheliyo, ekhokelwe apho ngabarabi bayo.

Indawo yokubala

Inyanga Entsha sisiganeko esichanekileyo seenkwenkwezi esinokuxelwa kwangaphambili ngokugqibeleleyo. Esi siganeko sinokwenzeka ngeentsuku ezahlukeneyo ngenxa yokujikeleza koMhlaba. Ngoko ke, ukumiswa kweNyanga Entsha kufuneka kusekelwe kwixesha ekwenzeka ngalo eYerusalem ukuqinisekisa ukufana kwenkcubeko yonqulo kwihlabathi jikelele, ngenxa yonxibelelwano olwandileyo.

Ukumiselwa kweNyanga eNtsha eYerusalem kusekelwe kwizibhalo ezibeka iYerusalem njengeTrone yeNkosi (Yer. 3:17), isizinda soMthetho nendawo apho iza kuphuma khona phantsi koMeshiya (Isa. 2:3) nangeamanzi oMoya (Zek. 8:22; 14:8-21). UThixo ubeke iGama laKhe apho ngonaphakade (2 IziKronike 33:4).

Olu gqibo lunokubeka i-Australia kwimeko apho ikhokele isakhiwo sexesha elizeleyo eYerusalem nakwezinye iindawo; nangona kunjalo kuyimfuneko ekuphunyezweni kwekhalenda yehlabathi ehambelanayo. Umthetho wokuqala wokulibazisa wangaphambi kwexesha likaHillel, obopha iNyanga Entsha kwisiqingatha senyanga emva kweeyure ezintandathu (ngoko ke iyalunyuswa ukuba yenzeka emva kweeyure ezili-1200), inciphisa ifuthe lale ngxaki. Nangona kunjalo, akukho gunya lale nto kwaye sisigqibo solawulo.

Isimo seBhayibhile

Imfuneko yebhayibhile yeNyanga eNtsha yayihlolwa kuxwebhu oluthi Iinyanga eziNtsha (No. 125). Isimo siphinde sichazwe.

Umthendeleko weNyanga eNtsha ngomnye wemithendeleko yeNkosi. Ubalisiwe kwiNumeri 10:10.

"INumeri 10:10 Kwakhona ngosuku lwenu lovuyo, nangemihla yenu engcwele, nangeentsuku zokuqala zeenyanga zenu, niyakukhwezela ngeendlovukazi phezu kweminikelo yenu yokutshisela, naphakathi kweminikelo yenu yokuzinikela; ukuze zibe sisikhumbuzo phambi koThixo wenu: NdinguYehova, uThixo wenu. (KJV)"

Iminikelo yegazi yazaliseka kuKristu. ImiSitho okanye iiSabatha ngokwazo azizange zisuswe.

Iminikelo eyayifuneka yatshintshwa kwimfuneko yayo yaba yeyeminikelo yokomoya yonke imihla kulandelelwano yeeNtsuku eziNgcwele, ukusukela kooSabatha ukuya kooNyanga eziNtsha ukuya kwiiMibhiyozo. Iminikelo ngaphantsi koMthetho yayibonelelwa ngerhafu ekhethekileyo eyabelwe phantsi kwexanduva lolawulo lwesizwe. Irhafu yeNkosi iphononongwa kuxwebhu oluthi iTithing (No. 161).'

Hezekile 45:14-17 Ngokumalunga nomthetho we-oli, ibhethi ye-oli, niya kunikela ngesinye kwishumi se-bhati elivela kwikhor, eliyi-homer yeebhati ezilishumi; kuba iibhati ezilishumi ziyihomer: 15Nentak'imvana enye kwimfuyo, kwimfuyo engamakhulu amabini, kwimigangathweni etyebileyo yakwaSirayeli; ibe sisibonelelo sokutya, nesibingelelo esitshiswayo, nezibingelelo zoxolo, ukwenza inyaniseko ngabo, utsho uYehova iNkosi. 16Bonke abantu bomhlaba baya kunika le sisipho sompristi kwinkosi yakwaSirayeli. 17Kwaye kuya kuba yinxalenye yenkosi ukunika iinkunzi zokutshiswa, neziselo zokutya, neziselo zokunika, kwimibhiyozo, nakweenyanga ezintsha, nangeesabatha, kuzo zonke iindibano ezingcwele zendlu yakwaSirayeli: uya kulungiselela umbingelelo wesono, nomnikelo wokutya, nombingelelo oshisiweyo, neminikelo yoxolo, ukwenza inyaniso endlwini kaSirayeli. (KJV)'

Lo mnikelo wawusisi-shumi sesishumi se-oli, kunye nesiqingatha sesishumi sesishumi seminikelo yokutya. Wawuqokelelwa nguKumkani wamaKumkani ngenxa yemibingelelo ngeeSabatha, iiNyanga ezintsha, iiNtsuku eziNgcwele neminikelo. Kungoko kungachanekanga ukutsho ukuba ishumi-nanye lanyamalala kunye nemibingelelo, kuba ngokucacileyo zazibonelelwa ngokwahlukeneyo. Lo mbhalo ukwakhankanya izithako zokuqala ukusuka kuHezekile 44:29-30, kwaye imiyalelo yenziwa malunga nokubuyiselwa kukaSirayeli emhlabeni wakhe. UMeshiya ke ngoko uza kumisela inkqubo ekuthiwa wayisusa ukusukela ekubulaweni kwakhe – kwaye iZibhalo azinakwaphulwa. Oku kuya kuba kukuphiliswa kwengqondo kweentlanga, kodwa lo mcimbi uza kuphononongwa ngokwahlukileyo.

Umthendeleko Wenyanga Entsha wawuphathwa njengeSabatha okanye iSabatha Engcwele. Amadini ayenikwa njengoko sibona apha ngasentla njengesikhumbuzo.

'INumeri 28:11-15 Kwaye ekuqaleni kweenyanga zenu niyakunikela umnikelo oshiswayo eNkosini: iinkunzi ezimbini ezintsha, nerham khulu elinye, iimvana ezisixhenxe zonyaka wokuqala ezingenachaphaza; 12Nezibhabhathane ezintathu zesibhozo somgubo zibe ngumnikelo wokutya, zixutywe ne-oli, kwinkunzi enye; nezibhabhathane ezibini zesibhozo somgubo zibe ngumnikelo wokutya, zixutywe ne-oli, kwirham khulu elinye; 13Kwaye isinye kwishumi se-efa yomgubo exutywe ne-oli ibe sisibongo sokutya kwimvana; ibe sisibingwa esitshiswayo esinuka kamnandi, isibingwa esitshiswayo ngemlilo eNkosini. 14Kwaye iziselo zabo zokunikelwa zibe sisiqingatha se-hin yewayini kwibhokhwe, nesinye kwisithathu se-hin kwinkunzi yegusha, kunye nesihlanu sesine sehin kwisithole: le yimbingelelo etshiswayo yenyanga nganye kuyo yonke iinyanga zonyaka. 15Kwaye kukhutshwe isithole seenkomo esinye njengembingelelo yesono eNkosi, ngaphandle kwembingelelo etshiswayo esoloko ikhona, kunye nesiselo sayo. (KJV)'

Sibona kulo mbhalo ukuba imibhiyozo yeNyanga eNtsha yayimiselwe ukuba ibe khona inyanga nenyanga kuyo yonke iminyaka yonyaka. Iimfuno ezifanayo zisebenza kwiNyanga eNtsha njengoko zinjalo nakwezinye iiNtshumayelo neeSabatha.

'1 IziKronike 23:31 Kwaye ukunikela ngazo zonke izibingelo ezitshiswayo eNkosini ngeSabatha, ngeenyanga ezintsha, nakwiintsuku ezimisiweyo zeNtshumayelo, ngokwenani, ngokomyalelo owabiyelwayo, rhoqo phambi kweNkosi: (KJV)'

Sibona ukuba iiNyanga Ezintsha eneneni zisesazulwini phakathi kweeSabatha neeMibhiyozo. NjengeeMibhiyozo neeSabatha, unxulumano phakathi kwamadini neeNyanga Ezintsha lwazalisekiswa kuMesiya. Noko ke, ukubhiyozelwa kweeNyanga Ezintsha ngokwazo akuzange kupheliswe.

Oku kubhiyozelwa akufanelanga kutolikwe njengokunqula inyanga, nto leyo elelwe ngokucacileyo.

'Duteronomi 4:19 Kwaye hleze uphakamise amehlo akho ujonge ezulwini, uze, xa ubona ilanga, nenyanga, neenkwenkwezi, nayo yonke imikhosi yasemazulwini, ukhukuliselwe ekuzinquleni kuzo nasekuzinkonzeleni, ezohlulwe nguYehova uThixo wakho kuzo zonke iintlanga eziphantsi kwelo zulu lonke. (KJV)''

Duteronomi 17:3 Waye waya wakhonza oothixo banye, wabathand' izinyanga, nokuba yinyanga, okanye iinkwenkwezi, okanye nawuphi na umkhosi wasezulwini, endingayalanga; (KJV)'

Ukugcinwa kweeSabatha neeNyanga Ezintsha kunye neeMibhiyozo ebekweyo kunikwe ukumaka iSicwangciso sikaThixo kunye nokuhamba kweenkqubo zendalo. Ikhalenda yelanga ayiyenzi le ntshukumo.

Ukususela ekubuyiselweni kwePasika kaHezekeya, emva koMbhiyozo weSonka Esingenyefu, uHezekeya wabuyisela iiNyanga Ezintsha kunye neeMibhiyozo. Akukho vuselelo luza kugqibelela de iiNyanga eziNtsha zibuyiselwe ngokuchanekileyo kwindawo yazo efanelekileyo kwinkqubo (jonga kwakhona Prove All Things, Church of God,In Truth, Vol. 2, Issue 1, p. 6).

'2 IziKronike 31:3 Wabeka kwakhona isabelo sekumkani kwimpahla yakhe, ukuze ibe yimbingelelo yokutshiswa, kanye, eyasekuseni neyasemva kwemini, neyangeSabatha, neyangeenyanga ezintsha, neyemibhiyozo emisiweyo, njengoko kubhaliwe kumthetho kaYehova. (KJV)'

Ezira 3:5 ikwaphawula ukuba iiNyanga eziNtsha zabuyiselwa phantsi kukaEzira. Ngoko ke zombini ezi zibuyiselo zikhulu zabandakanya ukubuyiselwa kweeNyanga eziNtsha.

'Ezira 3:5 Emva koko wenza umbingelelo wokuTshiswa oqhubekayo, wemihla yeenyanga ezintsha, nemihla yonke yemibhiyozo emiselweyo kaYehova, eyayigcwalisiwe, nakuye wonke umntu owazinikela ngentliziyo yonke ukunikela umnikelo wokuzithandela kuYehova. (KJV) '

Inyanga Entsha sisiqalo okanye usuku lokuqala lwenyanga (Num. 10:10; 28:11). Akukho nkqubo isekelwe ekutshintsheni ukuqala kwenyanga esebenzayo. Ikhalenda kaHillel ayisebenzi ngenxa yesi sizathu. Ikhalenda yokwenene yeTempile yayisekelwe ekudibananeni kweNyanga Entsha kwaye siyazi oko kumbhalo kaPhilo.

"Le yinyanga entsha, okanye isiqalo senyanga yenyanga, oko kukuthi ixesha eliphakathi kokudibana okukodwa nokulandelayo, ubude bayo obubalwe ngokuchanekileyo kwizikolo zezazi ngeenkwenkwezi." (Judaeus, Philo, The Special Laws, II, XXVI, 140, Treatise by F.H. Colson, Harvard University Press: Cambridge, MA, 1937.)

Ikhalenda yenyanga luphawu lwaBantu AbaNgcwele. Kwinqaku layo kwi-Eksodus 12:2, iMekilta ithi: "iintlanga zibala ngelanga, kodwa uSirayeli ngenyanga".

'Iimbambo zePASIKA NEZEKHAYI AZIZANGE ZIMISELWE ngokubala nje okusisiseko kwenyanga, kodwa ngokusekelwe ekubonakaleni kwenyanga entsha yenyanga ekwenzeka kuyo, iPFENTEKOSTE ixhomekeke kwiPasika ngale ngongoma. .. Nangona kungenakwenzeka ukuba oku kubhalwe phantsi ngokupheleleyo, kubonakala kunokwenzeka ukuba iSabatha ekuqaleni yayikwalinxalenye yolu luhlu lwexesha lendalo, inxulumene nezigaba zenyanga, kwaye, emva kokwahlulwa kwayo iMbhiyozo yeNyanga eNtsha yaqhubeka njengomsitho owodwa (The Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible, Vol. 3, art. 'Nyanga Entsha', p. 544).'

Esi siqikelelo malunga neSabatha neNyanga Entsha mhlawumbi sisekelwe kwinkqubo yokugcina esiyibonayo kwiphepha i-The Works of the Law Text - okanye i-MMT (No. 104). U-Strugnell no-Qimron bayiguqulele lo mbhalo osuka kwi-DSS (bona Bib. Arch. Review, Nov.-Dec. 1994). Yonke imisebenzi yembali yamaYuda yokwazisa iNyanga eNtsha ukusuka kwiSabatha engaphambili iqulethe umthandazo ongohlobo lwe-eschatology. Isizathu sokugcinwa kwalo yayikukudala kwenyanga nguThixo njenge "mpawu" yesivumelwano esingenakwaphuka noSirayeli, "amaxesha" onqulo lwakhe awayeyalela (IiNdum. 104:19; Sir. 43:6-8) (Int. Dict. ibid., jonga kwakhona Ber. R. 13d). Ikalenda ke ngoko yinxalenye engenakwahlulwa yesivumelwano noSirayeli.

Ukubonakala kwenyanga entsha kwakubonwa njengento ebalulekileyo ekunikezelweni kwemibono noburhobo, mhlawumbi oku kusuka ku-2 Kuwo oOmbusi 4:23 kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo kusuka kuHezekile 26:1; 29:17; 31:1; 32:1 (thelekisa noIsaya 47:

13; Hag. 1:1). Oku kwaphikisa ngqo abazi bezinkwenkwezi nabajongi bezinkwenkwezi benkqubo yaseBhabhiloni, njengoko sibona kuIsaya 47:13.

'Isaya 47:13 Udiniwe luluhlu lweengcebiso zakho. Masisimke ngoku abazi bezinkwenkwezi, abakhangeli bezinkwenkwezi, nabo bazi izinto ezizayo ngenyanga, baphakame, bakusindise kwezi zinto zizakwehlela. (KJV)'

Uqikelelo lwenyanga lwalusekelwe kwimigca yenyanga, ngaloo ndlela lwatyhila inkqubo.

IiSabatha neenyanga ezintsha zombini zaziyalela ukuba kuphumlwe emsebenzini, njengoko sibona kuAmos 8:5. Yayilusuku lovuyo. Uvuyo olwalujongwe iintsuku ezingcwele lwasuswa kuHoseya 2:11.

'Hoseya 2:11 Ndimna ndiya kuphelisa konke uvuyo lwayo, iintsuku zayo ezinkulu, iinyanga zayo ezintsha, neesabatha zayo, nazo zonke iifesto zayo ezikhulu. (KJV)'

Oku kwakungenxa yokungathembeki nokuthanda izithixo. UThixo uyabatshabalalisa abantu baKhe kuba abazigcini iMithetho yaKhe. Isiphumo soko kukuba utshabalalisa ubutyebi besizwe.

'Hozeya 2:12 Ndiya kutshabalalisa imidiliya yakhe nemithi yakhe yefike, awayesithi, Ziimbasa endiziphiwe ngabathandi bam; ndiya kuzenza ihlathi, iinkunzi zasendle zizitye. (KJV)'

Ukuzila ukutya nokuzila ibhadi kwakunqunyanyisiwe ngeNkweli entsha. Siyazi ukuba oku kwenzeka kuyo yonke iSirayeli kude kube nguMeshiya ngokweApokrifa (Jth. 8:6). Iinkonzo zazibhengezwa ngeenkondlo (Num. 10:10; Ps. 81:3).

'INdumiso 81:3 Vakalisa itrompethi ngenyanga entsha, ngexesha elimisiweyo, ngosuku lwethu olungcwele lomthendeleko. (KJV)'

Inyanga Entsha yeenyanga ezibalulekileyo igcinwa ngokukodwa kwimibhalo.

'1 Samuweli 20:6 Ukuba utata uyandikhumbula, ndithi, uDavide undicelile ngokuzimisela ukuba andivumele ndibalekele eBhetelehem, isixeko sam; kuba kukho idini lonyaka apho lalo lonke usapho. (KJV)'

Inyanga Entsha kaNisan yayibalulekile, kwaye neNyanga Entsha kaTishri yayiyona iMbeko yeeMbovu (jonga kwakhona iphepha elithi Iimbovu (No. 136)).

'Hezekile 45:18-20 Utsho ngelitshoyo iNkosi uThixo; Kwiinyanga yokuqala, ngemini yokuqala yenyanga, uya kuthatha inkunzi yenzonyi entsha engenachaphaza, uze ucoce isithabathaba: 19Uye umbingeleli athathe egazini lesisibo sesono, alifake ezintsikeni zendlu, akwizikhonkwane ezine zesihlalo sethaba, nakwizikhono zesango lengxangxasi engaphakathi. 20Kwathi ke ngolwesixhenxe lwenyanga uya kwenjenjalo kumntu wonke ophambukayo, nakwabo bangabantu abalula: ngaloo ndlela niyakuxolelanisa indlu. (KJV)'

Ukuhlanjululwa kwendawo engcwele okanye iTempile kwaqala kwiNyanga Entsha yenyanga yokuqala (uNisan) kuqala uNyaka Oyingcwele (thelekisa noKwenziwa Ngcwele kweTempile kaThixo (No. 241). Oku kwamcoca umyezo ongaphakathi. Oku kwakumelela abakhethiweyo njengemvili engaphakathi yombono kaHezekile. Ukucocwa kwabangenabuganga nabalahlekileyo kwenziwa ukusukela ngomhla wesixhenxe wenyanga yokuqala okanye uNisan. Ubupadre babuzilungiselele bona nesizwe.

INyanga Entsha yeNyanga yesiBhozo nayo ibibalulekile.

'Levitiki 23:24 Thetha nabantwana bakaSirayeli, usithi, Ngenyanga yesixhenxe, ngemini yokuqala yenyanga, nibe nesabatha, isikhumbuzo sokukhotha iindondo, indibano engcwele. (KJV)

Nehemiya 8:2 Waza uEzira umbingeleli wazisa umthetho phambi kwendibano, amadoda nabafazi, kunye nabo bonke ababeyiva ngokuqonda, ngosuku lokuqala lwenyanga yesixhenxe. (KJV)'

INyanga eNtsha yenyanga yesixhenxe ke ngoko iqalisa ukubuyiselwa ngokuFundwa koMthetho, okwenzeka rhoqo emva kweminyaka esixhenxe yomjikelo weJubhileyo ngosuku ngalunye lweZindlu zeNkampu (thelekisa nokuFunda koMthetho noEzira noNehemiya (No. 250)).

'Duteronomi 31:10-12 Waza uMoses wabalawula, esithi, Ekupheleni kweminyaka esixhenxe yonke, kwisikhumbuzo sonyaka wokukhululwa, kwisidlo seendlu zesikhashana, 11 Xa wonke uSirayeli eze kuvela phambi kweNkosi uThixo wakho kwindawo aza kuyikhetha, uza kufunda lo mthetho phambi koSirayeli bonke, ukuze bamve. 12 Dibanisa abantu, amadoda, nabafazi, nabantwana, nomhlali ongumhlobo ongaphakathi ezangweni zakho, ukuze bamamele, bafunde, bazoyike iNkosi uThixo wenu, balumkele ukwenza zonke izithethe zalo mthetho: (KJV)

Nehemia 8:18 Wayesifunda incwadi yomthetho kaThixo imihla ngemihla, ukususela kusuku lokuqala kude kube lusuku lokugqibela. Kwaza bagcina umthendeleko iintsuku ezisixhenxe; kwathi ngosuku lwesibhozo kwabakho indibano engcwele, ngokwesiko. (KJV)'

Isimboli apha kukuba unyaka wesixhenxe okanye uMgqibelo umele umjikelo weminyaka eliwaka, oqala ngokubuya kweMesia, otyhila uMthetho osuka eYerusalem. UMthetho ke usasazeka kwihlabathi lonke ukusuka ekubekweni phantsi kweentlanga. Ukufundwa kweNcwadi ngeFeast yeeTrumpethi, ekubuyisweni kukaNehemiah, kwakujolise ekubuyisweni kweMesiya.

(thelekisa kwakhona nempepha ethi Outline Timetable of the Age (No. 272)).

(Icandelo elicatshulwe kwakhona ku-W. E. Cox The New Moons (No. 125), Christian Churches of God, 1995, 1999.)

ImiSitho ngokukaPhilo

Xa sithetha ngeMiSitho phantsi kweeMyalelo sifunda oko uPhilo akuthethayo kwi-The Specials Laws malunga neMyalelo yeSine phakathi kwezinye izinto:

IMIYALELO EKHETHEKILEYO, II*

{**Isihloko sikaYonge, Incwadi Ngemithetho Ekhethekileyo, Ethontswa Kwiziqendu Ezithathu zeMiyalelo eliShumi, Okungukuthi, owesithathu, owesine, nowesihlanu; Ngokuphathelele Kwizifungo, kunye noHlonipho oFanelekileyo kuZo; Malunga neSabatha eNgcwele; Malunga noWiso oFanele uNikezelwe kuBazali.}.... Inguqulelo kaYonge iquka isihloko sencwadi esahlukileyo kweli nqanaba: Malunga neNani elinguSixhenxe. Ulwahlulo lwakhe olulandelayo luqala luze luphele ngenani leroman I (= X kwiLoeb). Umbhalo ulandela ukunombola kweLoeb. X. (39) Umthetho olandelayo ngowona ophathelele usuku lwesixhenxe olungcwele, oluquka inani elingenasiphelo leziko ezibaluleke kakhulu. Umzekelo, kukho ukukhululwa kwabo bantu ngokwendalo babengamakhulu, kodwa abathi ngenxa yesidingo esingalindelekanga sexesha baba ngamakhoboka, olu khululo lwenzeka nyaka ngamnye wesixhenxe. Kwakhona, kukho ubuntu babantu ababolekisayo kubantu babo abatyala imali, njengoko baxolela abantu bomthonyama wabo amatyala abo nyaka ngamnye wesixhenxe. Kananjalo kukho ukuphumla okunikiweyo umhlaba otyebileyo, nokuba kungakwimihlaba esicwengeni okanye kwezintabeni, nako oku kwenzeka rhoqo ngonyaka wesixhenxe. Ngaphezu koko, kukho ezo migaqo, ezimiswe malunga nonyaka wamashumi amahlanu. Kwaye konke oku, xa kuxelwe nje kanye njengoko kunjalo, kwanele ukukhokelela abo banentliziyo entle kwimpilo egqibeleleyo, okwenza kwanabo banengqondo elukhuni nabangenamonde babe lula ukufundiseka nokuthobeka. (40) (ngaphandle kokujonga nakuphi na uncazelo olungaphakathi nolufuzisayo) yanele ukukhokelela abo banentliziyo entle kwisimilo esigqibeleleyo, kwaye yenze kwanabo banengqondo elukhuni nabangenamonde babe lula ukuthotyelwa nokulawuleka. (40) Ngoku sesithe sathetha ngokude ngesimilo esihle senani lesixhenxe, sicacisa ukuba lunobunjani ngokunxulumene nenani elishumi; kunye nokuba unxulumano olunjani na nolweshumi ngokwalo, kwanenani eline, elisisiseko nomthombo wolweshumi. Ngoku, emva kokuba ludityaniswe ngokulandelelana olucwangcisiweyo kusuka kwelinye, lwenza ngokulandelelana olucwangcisiweyo inani eligqibeleleyo lamashumi amabini anesibhozo; xa lulinyuswa ngokomlinganiselo othe ngqo olingana kuwo wonke amacandelo alo, ekugqibeleni lwenza zombini ikhubu nesikwere. Ndikwabonisa nendlela ekukho ngayo inani elingenasiphelo lobuhle obunokukhutshwa kuluhlu olucwangcisiweyo ngokucamngca ngayo, esingafuni kungena nzulu kuyo ngoku. Kodwa kufuneka sihlolisise nganye yezinto ezikhethekileyo eziphambi kwethu njengoko ziqulethwe kule, siqale ngokuqala. Umba wokuqala ekufuneka uqwalaselwe ngowamaThango. [Inguqulelo kaYonge iquka isihloko esahlukileyo senkcazelo apha: Ukubonisa Ukuba amaThango alishumi ngenani. Le "le ncwadi-mpendulwano" iqala ngenombolo yeroman I (= XI kwi-Loeb), idwelisa nganye kwezinyibini ezilishumi ngokwahlukeneyo, kwaye iqhubeka kude kufike kwinombolo 214 ye-Loeb. Lo mbhalo ulandela ukuhlelwa ngokweenombolo ze-Loeb.]

XI. (41) Ngoku, kukho izinyibini ezilishumi ngokwenani, njengoko umthetho uzibeka.

Eyokuqala yile nto umntu angamangaliswa kukuyiva ibizwa ngokuba yisinyibini.

Esi sinyibini sisemini nganye.Umthendeleko wesibini lusuku lwesixhenxe, oluthi amaHebhere ngolwimi lwabo lwemveli balubize ngokuba yiSabatha.

Owesithathu ngulo olandela ukudibana kwenyanga, okwenzeka ngomhla wenyanga entsha kwinyanga nganye.

Owesine ngowamaSiko othiwa ngamaSiko.

Owesihlanu ziZibini zokuqala zengqolowa --isibambo esingcwele. [Qaphela ukuba iSibambo esiYingqiwayo sesinye seMibhiyozo eliShumi yexesha leTempile]

Owesithandathu ngumthendeleko wesonka esingenamvubelo, emva kwawo kubhiyozelwa loo mthendeleko, ongukuba

Usuku lwesixhenxe lweentsuku ezisixhenxe.

Owesibhozo ngumthendeleko wenyanga engcwele, okanye umthendeleko weempempe.

Owesithoba kukuzila ukutya.

Oweshumi ngumthendeleko weendawo zokuhlala,

eyeyokugqibela kuzo zonke iibhiyozelo zonyaka, iphela ngendlela eyenza inani elipheleleyo elilishumi. Ngoku kufuneka siqale ngibhiyozelo yokuqala.

{Qaphela apha uPhilo udibanisa uSuku Lokugqibela Olukhulu neFeast yeeTabernacles, esenza iShumi endaweni yeShumi elinanye]

Siqaphela apha ukuba kwintshayelelo xa ethetha ngeFeast yesithathu, kanye iNyanga eNtsha, uPhilo usebenzisa igama eliguqulelwe ngokuthi emva kokudibana kweenkwenkwezi kwaye abanye baguqulele ngokuthi kulandela ngokwentetho ethi "ngokwe" okanye " njengoko kumiselwe" kukudibana. Noko ke, uyicacisa le ngongoma ngokuthi yenzeka ngosuku lweNyanga eNtsha kwinyanga nganye. Umbhalo ngoko ke ucacile kakhulu ukuba iNyanga eNtsha lusuku ekwenzeka ngalo ukudibana. Kwiinkcazelo ezalandelayo uPhilo uyaqhubeka achaze ukuba inyanga isusela kukudibana okunye ukuya kokulandelayo njengoko kumiselwe kwizikolo zezazi ngeenkwenkwezi, njengoko kubhitshiwe ngasentla. Ngoko ke, akukho mpazamo.

INyanga eNtsha ingosuku lwe ukudibana njengoko kumiselwe zizikolo zaseYerusalem. Ukubeka iNyanga eNtsha emva kwexesha njengoko kwenziwa yiYuda kukuhoxisa onke amasiqabu nokuwenza angabi nantsingiselo. Oku kukuthabatheka nje kuThixo nakuMthetho waKhe. KwiNyanga eNtsha kusekwe onke amathamsanqa alandelayo.

Inguqulelo kaYonge ibingenayo inxalenye ye-140 kunye nemibhalo ye-142-144 (efakwe apha) kwaye icacisa ngexesha kunye nenkolelo-nkolo esemva kweNyanga eNtsha nokuba kutheni ihamba ngokwe-conjunction kwaye usuku lweNyanga eNtsha lusuku lwe-conjunction.

ITHAMSANQA LESITHATHU

XXVI. (140) Ngokulandela uludwe esilwamkeleyo, siyaqhubeka sithetha ngomthendeleko wesithathu, lowenyanga entsha. Okokuqala, kuba sisiqalo senyanga, kwaye isiqalo, nokuba sesobuninzi okanye sexesha, siyahlonitshwa. Okwesibini, kungenxa yokuba ngeli xesha akukho nto esibhakabhakeni sonke engenakukhanya. (141) Okwesithathu, kungenxa yokuba ngelo xesha umzimba onamandla nobalulekileyo unika inxalenye yoncedo oluyimfuneko kumzimba ongabalulekanga nongamandla; kuba, ngexesha lenyanga entsha, ilanga liqala ukukhanyisa inyanga ngokukhanya okubonakalayo kwizivamvo zangaphandle, ize ke iveze ubuhle bayo kubabukeli. Kwaye oku, ngokubonakalayo, sisifundo esicacileyo sobubele nobuntu ebantwini, ukubafundisa ukuba akufuneki banqabe ukwabelana nabanye ngezinto zabo ezilungileyo, kodwa, ngokulinganisa izinto ezisemazulwini, mabagxothe umona bawugxothe emoyeni.{17}{iicandelo 142-144 zashiywa kwinguqulelo kaYonge kuba ushicilelo awayesekelwe kulo uYonge uguqulelo lukaMangey, lwalungenawo lo mxholo. La mazwi aguqulwe ngoku ngoku kulo mqulu.} (142) Isizathu sesine sesokuba kuzo zonke izinto eziphakamileyo esibhakabhakeni, inyanga ihamba i-zodiac ngexesha elifutshane kakhulu elimisiweyo: igqibezela ukujikeleza kwayo kwisithuba senyanga. Ngesi sizathu umthetho uhloniphe isiphelo sokujikeleza kwayo, indawo apho inyanga igqibe khona kwindawo yokuqala eyayiqala kuyo uhambo lwayo, ngokuthi wabiza loo mini ibe sisidlo esikhulu ukuze siphinde sisifundise isifundo esihle sokuba kwimicimbi yobomi kufuneka senze iziphelo zihambelane neziqalo. Oku kuya kwenzeka ukuba siwabambe amabhuloho emvakalelo zethu zokuqala ngamandla engqondo kwaye asivumeli ukuba azichithe amabhuloho aze abaleke ngokukhululekileyo njengezilwanyana kungekho mntu ukhokelayo.

http://www.earlyjewishwritings.com/text/ philo/book28.html

Qaphela, njengoko sitshilo ngasentla, uYonge akanalo lonke i-140 njengoko uColson enayo kwaye akanazo i-142-144, ezibonakala ngathi zalahleka okanye zasuswa ukuze kufihlakale imeko kanye yeNyanga eNtsha. Nangona kunjalo, icandelo elingaphambili ngasentla lisashiya kungabikho mathandabuzo malunga nokuba yayikho nini kwaye yayimiselwa njani.

Ngoko ke, akukho gunya lokumisela nayiphi na enye inkqubo efana nenkqubo eyasekwa ngexesha likaRabbi Hillel II (malunga no-358) ukuya kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinanye. Isiseko sokubalwa kweMolad kaTishri simiselwe ngendlela yokuba kubekho uthotho lokulibaziswa kunyaka wamaYuda. Olo lulibaziso luqinisekisa ukuba iiSabatha neeNtsuku eziNgcwele akunyanzelekanga ukuba zigcinwe ngokulandelelana, ngaphandle kwexesha elincinane kakhulu. Oku kungenxa yokuba amaFarisi nabalandelayo bawo, iiRabhi, benze uThixo zenza iiSabatha zibe nzima kakhulu kangangokuba iinkqubo zeMini eziNgcwele ziye zaba ngumthwalo. Okubaluleke nangakumbi, iiNyanga eziNtsha ngokwazo ziyangqina ngokuchasene nokusebenza kwale nkqubo. Ngaphandle kobungqina obucacileyo bezulu neMithetho njengoko yabekwa ukususela ekudalweni, ngoku kuxoxwa ngelithi ikhalenda kaHillel inegunya nokuba iiNyanga eziNtsha azinakugcinwa kuba iMolad kaTishri imisela ixesha leenyanga, ezingasahambelani ngokupheleleyo neeNyanga eziNtsha. Olu hlobo lwengqiqo ejikelezayo luthandwa ngamaYuda kunye neenkonkulu zeeCawa ezigcina iiMithendeleko, kodwa hayi iiNyanga Ezintsha.

Amagunya okugqiba ikhalenda anikezelwe kwiigosa zerabhi, ezisebenza ngaphakathi kwenkqubo yokubala eyasekwa kudala emva kukaKristu nabaPostile. Enyanisweni, iCawa yajongana neentlaselo ezimbini zikaSathana kwiimfundiso zayo ngaxeshanye. Ukususela kwiBhunga lase-Elvira (malunga no-300) i- kuqalwa uhlaselo kwiiSabatha. KwiBhunga laseNicaea (malunga no-325), imfundiso yobuThixo yagxekwa kwaye iPasika yobupagani yamkelwa phakathi kwezo nkolo. Iigosa zerabhi zayeka ukusebenzisa igunya elivela eYerusalem (kamva elivela eJamnia). Ngencedo yeeRabhi zaseBhabhiloni, uRabhi Hillel II waphuhlisa ikhalenda kaHillel kunye nendlela yokubala iMolad kaTishri.

Ngo-366 CE kwiBhunga laseLaodicea, iSabatha yathukwa. Ngo-381 kwiBhunga laseConstantinople, iTrinity yakhuthazwa, kwaye, kwiBhunga laseChalcedon ngo-451, yafomulwa. Ikalenda kaHillel ngoko ke inokubonwa ngoko yayiyiyo kwaye isiyiyo. Yayiyinxalenye yohlaselo oluqhubekayo kwiimfundiso nakwizithethe zonqulo zeCawa nabantu bakaThixo, ngumkhosi owaphulayo. UYuda akazigcinanga iintsuku ezingcwele zikaThixo ngokuchanekileyo ubuncinane ukusukela ngo-358. Ezo Cawe zikaThixo zilandelela ikhalenda yamaYuda kaHillel nazo azigcini iintsuku ezingcwele ngokuchanekileyo.

Ibango lokuba uMthendeleko weeNdebe uya kwandiswa iintsuku ezisithoba ukuba iSabatha ilandela uSuku lokuGqibela oluMkhulu luluqikelelo lokuba iSabatha inentsingiselo ethile ngaphandle kokuba yiSabatha yeveki, xa ilandela umthendeleko. Ukuba ukulibaziswa kwakufanele kuqale ukusebenza, okanye ukuba kwakufanele kwenziwe izinto ezinjalo ezikhethekileyo, uMthetho ngabe wazikhankanyile. Azikhankanywanga kwaphela kuyo yonke iBhayibhile, kwaye akukho nasiphi na isiqwengana sobungqina sokuba zazikhe zasetyenziswa okanye zamiselwa okanye zacingwa ngazo phambi konyaka wama-344 CE. Abanye bathatha unyaka wama-344 njengowowaziswa ngalo ikhalenda entsha kwezinye iindawo (Ency. Judaica, art. 'Hillel', (II; 330-365 CE)). Nangona amaSamarita (kunye namaSaduse, awayesele enyamalele ngelo xesha) ayesele elikhulu iinkulungwane ezibala ukudibana kwenyanga, amaYuda kamva athi kwakungekho nkqubo imisiweyo. Ngexesha leMishnah (malunga no- 200 CE), kuthiwa kwakungekho nkqubo yokubala esebenzayo, njengoko yonke imithetho yeMishnah isekelwe kukuqikelela kokuba, ngaphandle kwalo naluphi na ubalelo lwangaphambili, iNyanga eNtsha nganye iqala xa ibonakala (Schürer, ibid., Vol. 1, p. 591).

Oku kwenziwa ngobungqina bamangqina athembekileyo phambi kwenkundla eseYerusalem kwaye kamva naseJamnia (Schürer, ibid.).

Ubude benyanga nganye babungamiselwanga. Oku kuqinisekiswa yimithetho emibini yeMishnah (njengoko icatshulwe nguSchürer).

(1) mErub. 3:7; 'Ukuba phambi konyaka omtsha indoda yayisoyika ukuba [inyanga ka-Elul] ingongezwa...'[Kuyacaca kwi-mSheb. 10:2 ukuba umthetho wamva othi u-Elul kufuneka ahlale enezinsuku ezingama-29, wawungekabikho ngelo xesha (fn 11)] (2) mArak. 2:2, 'Kunyaka akukho nini na kubakho iinyanga ezingaphantsi kwezine 'ezizeleyo' [ezinemihla engamashumi amathathu], kwaye azikho iinyanga ezingaphezu kwezibhozo ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe.'

USchürer uthi:

Isicatshulwa sokuqala sityhila ukuba kwakungazange kugqitywe kwangaphambili ukuba inyanga iza kuba neentsuku ezingama-29 okanye ezingama-30. Kwaye isicatshulwa sesibini sibonisa indlela ikhalenda eyayingaqinisekanga ngayo phantsi kwale nkqubo yokulinga: nkqu nakwixesha leMishnah (inkulungwane yesibini A.D.) kwakuthathwa njengokwenzeka ukuba kubekho iminyaka eneenweke ezine kuphela zeentsuku ezingamashumi amathathu, kwaye kwakhona kukho eminye eneenweke ezisibhozo ezinje (oko kukuthi unyaka wenyanga wawunokuthi ube neentsuku eziphakathi kwe-352 ne-356, ngelixa eneneni uthatha iintsuku eziphakathi kwe-354 ne-355) (jonga i-fn. 12 p. 592, ibid.).

(2) Inkqubo yokongeza iinyanga yayi yayingekamiselwa ngokupheleleyo kwinkulungwane yesibini emva kweKreste. Kuyinyani ukuba uJulius Africanus uthi amaYuda, njengamaGrike, ayongeza iinyanga ezintathu rhoqo kwiminyaka esibhozo; [Julius Africanus kwi-Euseb. Demonstr. evang. viii 2, 54 = Syncellus, ed. Dindorf 1, p. 611 = M. J. Routh Religiquiae Sacrae II, p. 302 ... ] kwaye akukho sizathu sokuthandabuza le ngxelo ngokwamaxesha akhe (isiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane yesithathu A.D.) nangona ingachanekanga ngokuphathelele kumaGrike, uninzi lwawo lwaludala lwamkele i-nineteen -unyaka wesithuba. Ikwalusebenza ngokubanzi kwixesha likaYesu, kuba nokuba kusetyenziswa indlela esekelwe kuphela kumava, ukongezwa kweenyanga ezintathu kwisithuba seminyaka esibhozo sisiphumo esivela ngokwaso. Nangona kunjalo ulwazi ngesi sithuba seminyaka esibhozo kwicandelo lezazi ngeenkwenkwezi leNcwadi ka-Enoch neNcwadi yeeYubhile lisafiphele kakhulu; kwaye lalingekalungiselelwa inkqubo yokongeza iinyanga emiselweyo (ibid.).

Lo mbhalo ubonisa ukuba unyaka wawunokuba, kwaye wawunjalo, iintsuku eziyi-352-356 kwezinye iinyaka, ngelixa ukulibaziswa kusebenzisa umgaqo weentsuku eziyi-354-355. Lo ngumgaqo ongqiniswanga, owabekwayo.

USchürer ubonisa ubuyatha bokwakha ikhalenda esekelwe nakweyiphi na kwezi nkqubo kwiNcwadi ka-Enoch okanye kwiNcwadi yeeJubilees (ibid., amaphe. 592-593).

Inqaku elingaphantsi kwephepha le-12 kwiphepha 592 lithi:

Kwimeko yombhalo ocaphiweyo (m Arak. 2:2), kunikwa imida enokwenzeka encinci neninzi ngokubhekiselele kwizinto ezahlukeneyo kakhulu. Oku kutshintsha-tshintsha kukhankanywe ngasentla kubude konyaka ngoko ke kwakubonwa ngokwenene, yaye ngexesha leMishnah kwakusathathwa njengento enokwenzeka. Enyanisweni, le ngxelo yabonakala imangalisa kakhulu kubaphathi beTalmud yaseBhabhiloni kangangokuba kwenziwa iinzame zokuyinika ingcaciso entsha, bona i-bArak. 8b-9a; Zuckerman Materialen, pp. 64 f., (ibid.).

Ngokungahoyi ubungqina bamaSamarita, uSchürer uthi ikhalenda yayisetyenziswa ngokujonga okusekelwe kumava ngexesha leMishnah ngaphandle kwalo naluphi na ulingo lwangaphambili, njengoko la migaqo mabini ilandelayo yeMishnah kuthiwa ibonisa.

(1) mMeg. 1:4, 'Ukuba iMegillah (iScroll sikaEsther) ifundwe ku-Adar Wokuqala, kwaye unyaka wongezwe, kufuneka ifundwe kwakhona ku-Adar Wesibini';

(2) mEduy. 7:7, '[R. UYoshuwa noR. Papias] bangqina ukuba unyaka unokubhengezwa njengonyaka oongeziweyo nangaliphi na ixesha ngeAdar; kuba ngaphambili oku kwakungenziwa kuphela kude kube yiPurim. Bangqina ukuba unyaka unokubhengezwa njengonyaka oongeziweyo phantsi kweemeko ezithile. Kwakha kwenzeka xa uRabban Gamaliel wayehambe uhambo lokuya kufuna igunya kurhuluneli waseSiriya, waza wehla ixesha elide, unyaka wabhengezwa njengonyaka oongeziweyo ngomqathango wokuba uRabban Gamaliel avume. Yaye akubuya, wathi, "Ndiyavuma"; yaza ke waba ngunyaka oongeziweyo.'

Umthetho ongokufundwa kwe-Esther awubonisi ngokubonwa kwenyanga, kodwa ubhekisa kumthetho osisigxina wokuba i-Esther kufuneka ifundwe nakwinyanga eyongeziweyo. Awisathethi ngokungabikho koqiniseko malunga nokongezwa kwenyanga.

USchürer uqinisekile ukuba akukho kwabalwa kwangaphambili kwaphela (Schürer, ibid., p. 593).

Isalathiso sesibini esingentla sizama ukukhombeza ukuba isibhengezo sokongezwa kwenyanga ekuqaleni sasinokwenzeka kuphela phambi kwePurim, kodwa lo mthetho ngokwawo ngokwakuqala wawusemva kwexesha laseBhabhiloni. Ukongezwa kwenyanga kwakubhengezwa kungekho ngaphantsi kweenyanga ezisibhozo ngaphambili kumaSamarita; kwaye amaSaduse akazange abe nolwazi oluncinci kunoko kunye nenkqubo . Kungenzeka ngakumbi ukuba inkqubo yamaRabi ibingenayo indlela ecacileyo ebeyiya kwamkelwa sisihlwele, kuba yayichasa imibhalo yeBhayibhile. Oku kwakusemva kokutshiswa kweTempile nangayiphi na imeko.

Umthetho owawusetyenziswa ukugqiba enoba kufakwe inyanga engaphandle okanye hayi, ulula kakhulu.

Umthendeleko wePasika, owawufanele ubhiyozelwe ngenyanga epheleleyo kwinyanga kaNisan (14 Nisan), kufuneka ihlale iwela emva kwe-equinox yasentwasahlobo [meta isemerian earinen] . .. U-Anatolius, kwisiqwenga esibaluleke kakhulu kwimbali yekhalenda yamaYuda esigcinwe ku-Eusebius HE vii 32, 16-19, uchaza oku njengoluvo oluvunyelwene ngalo ngamxhelo mnye ngabo bonke abasemagunyeni bamaYuda... Iingxelo zikaPhilo noJosephus nazo ziyahambelana nako. Ngoko ke, ukuba kwakubonakala ekupheleni konyaka ukuba iPasika iza kuwela phambi kwe-equinox yasentwasahlobo, kwakumiselwa ukongezwa kwenyanga phambi kukaNisan (Schürer, ibid., p. 593).

USchürer ufaka "(14 Nisan)" apha embhalweni esekelwe kwisiqwenga esibalulekileyo sika-Anatolius, athe siyabonisa ukuba i-14 kaNisan kufuneka iwele emva kwe-equinox (cf. Ante-Nicene Fathers, Vol. VI, pp. 147ff.), kwaye lo mcimbi uhlolisiswe kuxwebhu oluthi The Quartodeciman Disputes (No. 277). Kwamkelwa ngekhulu lemashumi amabini elinyanga ukuba i-14 kaNisan ingawa nge-equinox kodwa oku kusenokungabi njalo, njengoko siza kubona. Umba wokwenene ubonakala ukuba unxulumene no-Anatolius, wokuba umbingo ekupheleni kwe-14 kufuneka ubone inyanga epheleleyo kwaye ke ngoko uthetha nge-equinox yasentwasahlobo, engaphambi kombingo wentsimbi yesi-3 emva kwemini. ekupheleni kwe-14 kaNisan, kwaye iqala ngobusuku be-15 yenyanga yokuqala. Lo mcimbi ubaluleke kakhulu ekuqaliseni konyaka. UAnafolius ukwenza impazamo enkulu kulo mbhalo ephathelele ekuqaliseni nasekupheleni kweSidlo Sezonka Ezingenamvubo, nto leyo echasene nomthombo weBhayibhile kunye nezenzo zamaSamariya nezinye (cf. ibid. kunye no. 277). Ngokufunda ngononophelo uAnatolius, umthetho ngulo ukuba ixesha le-equinox kufuneka libe phambi kwesibingelelo sentsimbi yesi-3 emva kwemini ngemva kwemini yomhla we-14 kaNisan. Ukuba akunjalo unyaka kufuneka wongezwe. Oku kwakubalwa kwiinyanga nakwiminyaka kwangaphambili.

UJosephus uthi kwakhona ukuba kwakusekho ilanga likwi-Aries, kwaye oku kwenza le nkqubo ichaneke ngakumbi kwaye le nyaniso iyaphoswa. kubalulekile ukuba uSchürer uphawule ukuba amaGrike namaBhabhiloni (amaYiputa kunyaka wawo welanga ayengabandakanyekanga apha) bebenekhalenda engaguqukiyo amakhulu eminyaka, esekelwe kubalo oluchanekileyo. AmaBhabhiloni bebenekhalenda enjalo phantsi kwamaPersi kwaye amaSamariya namaSaduse baseta ikhalenda kwangaphambili kakhulu ngokwe-conjunction. Akunakwenzeka ukuba amaYuda ayengayazi loo nkqubo. Isibheno sikaSchürer kukuqina kwentloko kwe ukuzingisa kwenkolo xa kujongene nolunye ulwazi sisivakalisi esithetha lukhulu, nangona kungekuko ngendlela awayeyijongile.

Yeyona nto nje yokudityaniswa kwekhalenda nenkolo, kunye nokuchasa okukhohlakeleyo kwenkolo kuzo zonke iinguqulelo zenzululwazi, eyenza ukuba imeko enjalo iqondakale. Kodwa ekugqibeleni, ukuqonda kwenzululwazi nakho kwaba negalelo apha, kwaye kwenziwa oko kusuka eBhabhiloni. Abantu baseBhabhiloni, uMar Samuel waseNehardea noRabhi Adda bar Ahaba waseSura, bobabini abavela kwinkulungwane yesithathu A.D., bayachazwa njengeerabhi ezenze igalelo elibaluleke ngokukodwa kwinkqubo yekhalenda. Lo wamva, wayeqonda ngokuchanekileyo umjikelo weminyaka elishumi elinesithoba kwimo ephuculweyo eyayinikwe nguHipparchus. Ukungeniswa kweKhalenda ePalestine esekelwe kuyo kufanele kubalwe kwinkokeli enkulu uHillel kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane yesine A.D. (Schürer, p. 594).

Kutheni bayichasa ulwazi lwenkqubo iphela eyayibangqongile, neyayiphakathi kwabo, yaye yayisetyenziswa ngexesha leTempile? Kukho enye impendulo yale ngxaki, leyo uSchürer athandabuza ukuyinika, kwaye icace gca. Inkqubo yovavanyo yenza ukuba amarabi akwazi ukushenxisa izibhengezo ukuze zihambelane nemiqathango enzima eyayibekwe kuKholo yimikhosi emayela nokugcinwa kweSabatha, iNyanga eNtsha nentsuku ezingcwele. Umjikelo weminyaka elishumi elinesithoba wawusaziwa iinkulungwane ezininzi kwaye wawukudala eMpuma. Umzekelo, ubuchule babo bokwenza iimephu babuxhomekeke kulwazi lweenkwenkwezi olwalugqwesa olwaseYurophu ngexesha loHlaziyo lweCawa, kwaye sinobungqina bezemivumbo obubonisa ukuba abavukeli bakaBar Kochba batyelela iMelika (thelekisa noC. Gordon, Before Columbus, London, 1971). Noko ke, kwaba kuphela xa inkqubo yokubala eyayenza ukuba ukulibaziswa kwenziwe kwangaphambili yayiphuculwe ngokwaneleyo, apho inkqubo kamva yamaRhabhi yamkela iindlela zokubala eziphambili. Inkqubo yasePalestine yayingekuko ukungabikho kolwazi lokubala. Babenolwazi olunjalo kwaye bayisebenzisa inkqubo yasePalestine ngalo lonke ixesha leNtlango. Kwakukukusweleka kwenkqubo echanekileyo eyayinokwenza ukuba kuqwalaselwe iiMibhiyozo phakathi kwenkqubo enzima yesithethe eyayibekwe phezu kwe kuyo. Oku akwenzeka de kwaba ngekhulu lesine emva kweNkathi yeNkosi. Ngaphandle kwezi ndlela zemveli ezingasebenziyo ngokwazo, inkqubo yokubala ibinokuhlala isebenza njengoko ibisenza kumakhulu amadala. La yayingumkhwa awabagweba ngawo uKristu amaFarisi.

Inkqubo echanekileyo yokubala inyanga esekelwe kwiNyanga Entsha inokubikezelwa ngokugqibeleleyo. Ukusukela kwiNyanga Entsha ebumnyameni obupheleleyo, kunokubakho inani elikhulu leenyanga zosuku olungamashumi amathathu kunyaka. Oku bekuya kubuyisela kwiingqwalasela zangaphambi kwemikhwa yokuba kubekho iinyanga ezisibhozo zosuku olungamashumi amathathu (jonga apha ngasentla). IPasika kufuneka isoloko iwela emva kwe-equinox yasentwasahlobo. Inyanga Entsha ingaba phambi kwe-equinox kangangeentsuku ezilishumi elinesine.

Inkqubo yeNyanga Entsha ikwanxulumene nenkqubo yamaza olwandle eSpring Tides neeNeap Tides. IiSpring Tides zisoloko zenzeka ukusuka kwiNyanga Epheleleyo neNtsha. IiNeap Tides zenzeka ukusuka kwikota (jonga iSihlomelo).

Imigaqo eyaphuhliswayo ibonwa njengenkqubo yokucokisa ngenjongo yokubeka isithethe ngaphezu koMthetho kaThixo kuba izithethe zenza ukugcinwa kweeNtsuku eziNgcwele kube nzima.

Ingxoxo yokuba ikhalenda luxanduva lwamaYuda, njengenxalenye yeeNtshumayelo zikaThixo, yingqiqo engeyiyo eyaqonda gwenxa intsingiselo yeSibhalo (thelekisa nempapashwe ethi IZithethi zikaThixo (No. 184)).

Enye into ehlekisayo ngengxoxo yegunya lamaYuda, phakathi kwamaqumrhu onqulo alandela le ngxoxo, yeyokuba: ukuba kunjalo, abo bamkela olu gunya bafanele bagcine iPentekoste nge-6 kaSivan, into leyo uninzi lwabo lungayenziyo. Enyanisweni, bayahlasela ngokukhululekileyo igunya lekhalenda yamaYuda kulo mba, kuba yinto engalunganga ngokucacileyo. Le yingqiqo engavakaliyo. AmaYuda mhlawumbi anenkuthazo kwaye anegunya, okanye aphazama. Ukuba banegunya elinikwe nguThixo phezu kweKhalenda, iCawe kufuneka ibalandele. Ukuba abanjalo, iCawe kufuneka imisele iKhalenda echanekileyo isuka eBhayibhileni. Iinyanga ezintsha zingundoqo kulo mba. IiNtsuku eziNgcwele zimiselwa ziiNyanga ezintsha kwaye izibalo zichaneke ngokugqibeleleyo kumakhulu eminyaka.

Iinyanga Ezintsha ngoko ke zigcinwa ngokwesiganeko sazo, hayi ngokuyila okanye ukulibaziswa.

Iingxoxo eziphikisa ukugcinwa kweeNyanga Ezintsha ezisekelwe kwingqikelelo yokuba azinakwenzeka ngenxa yolungiso nokulibaziswa kwenkqubo yokubala iMolad yaseTishri, zisekelwe kwiziseko ezingamanga kwaye azinangqondo ngokwasemthethweni. Ingxoxo enjalo ithatha ngokuba kukho isizathu esivakalayo sesi senzo, nto leyo engekhoyo, ize ke ixoxe isuka kweso senzo esenziweyo ichasa ukugcinwa kwesiko elisebhayibhileni elathi uMesiya icacisa ngokucacileyo ukuba uza kuseka aze anyanzelise zonke iintlanga ukuba zingazigcine xa ethatha ulawulo evela eYerusalem (Isaya 66:23). Zonke izinyama ziya kunqula uThixo ngeSabatha nangeNyanga Ezintsha. NeMibhiyozo nayo iyafuneka njengoko sibona kuZekariya 14:16-19. Le Calendari Ingcwele kaThixo iya kunyanzeliswa ngokulawula izivuno kunye nenikezelo lokutya. UKristu unjalo izolo, namhlanje nangomso (Heb. 13:8). Ukuba uMeshiya uza kuyifuna kuwo onke ubuhlanga ngoko, uyifuna kwabakhethiweyo ngoku. Iingxoxo eziphikisa iinyanga ezintsha ezisuka kwiMolad kaTishri zisekelwe kwingcinga yokuba ikhalenda kaHillel inesiseko esivakalayo nokuba ukulibaziswa kweentsuku ezingcwele kuyavunyelwa, nto leyo engeyonyani. Enyanisweni, ingxoxo enjalo ingqina ukuba ikhalenda kaHillel okanye ikhalenda yamaYuda yanamhlanje ayihambelani nelizwi likaThixo kunye nokugcinwa ngokuchanekileyo kweKhalenda yaKhe eNgcwele.

Emva kokuba bemisile ikhalenda entsha, uHillel II wathi iza kuma de kufike uMeshiya. Loo ntetho yenziwa kuba kwakusaziwa ukuba yayingenasiseko sebhayibhile nokuba uMeshiya kuya kufuneka amisele le nkqubo. UHillel wayesazi, ukusuka kuIsaya 66:23, ukuba iiNyanga Ezintsha ziya kubuyiselwa xa uMeshiya efika kwaye wayesazi, ke ngoko, ukuba into awayeyenza yayingenasivumelwano kubuyiselo lweminamathanga elilithoba. Inyaniso yeyokuba uMeshiya wayengayi kuyamkela inkqubo enjalo, kuba yayingaphuli uMthetho ngenxa yesithethe. UKristu wayesele ewagwebile amaScribi namaFarisayo ngenxa yezithethe zawo, kwiminyaka engamakhulu amathathu ngaphambili. UKristu wasusa igunya lawo ngokumiswa kwabaNgamashumi asixhenxe (Lk. 10:1,17).

Mateyu 15:2-6 Kutheni abafundi bakho betyhoboza isithethe samadoda amakhulu? kuba abahlambi izandla zabo xa besitya isonka. 3Waphendula ke wathi kubo, Nani ke, kutheni nina nityhoboza umthetho kaThixo ngesithethe senu? 4Kuba uThixo wayeyalela, esithi, Wozihloniphe uyihlo noyise; nathi, Obesabekayo uyise okanye uyise wakhe, makabulawe. 5Nina ke nithi, Nabani na othe kuyise okanye kuyise wakhe, sisipho, nantoni na onokuxhamla kuyo kum; 6Yaye ongahloniphi uyise okanye unina, makangafi ngokufa.' Ngaloo ndlela niyenze umthetho kaThixo ungenamsebenzi ngesithethe senu. (KJV)

OoRabi bayazi ukuba ikhalenda ayilunganga kwaye abanye bayakhathazeka ngayo (thelekisa. Isizathu Sokuba iPasika Ibe Sekuhle Kakhulu Ngo-1997? (No. 239)). Ukuphazanyiswa kwekhalenda kwakusele kusenzeka amaxesha ngamaxesha ixesha elithile. UThixo ugxeka ukuthotywa kweeNtlanga zaKhe kwezi ndlela zahlukeneyo ngoIsaya. Isigwebo esikuIsaya sasichaphazela ngokulinganayo umoya ababezigcina ngawona kunye nokungabikho kobulungisa okwakusenziwa esizweni phambi, ngexesha, nasemva kwezo Mibhiyozo, njengoko sasichaphazela ukudlala ngekhhalenda. Noko ke, uYerobowam wabona ukuba uThixo wayecinga ntoni ngokulibazisa iiMibhiyozo (thelekisa nempepha ethi uYerobowam neKhhalenda yaseHillel (No. 191)).

Isaya 1:13-14 Musani ukuphinda nizise iminikelo yenyanyeko; iincenso ziyinyanyeko kum; iinyanga ezintsha neesabatha, ukubizwa kweenkomfa, andikwazi ukuzinyamezela; bububi, nendibano engcwele. 14Iinyanga zenu ezintsha neenkcukacha zenu ezimiselweyo, umphefumlo wam uyazicaphukela; ziyindiba kum; ndidiniwe ukuzinyamezela. (KJV)

Ugxininiso apha lukwiNyanga zenu ezintsha neeNkcukacha zenu. Le misebenzi igwetywayo ayiziNyanga ezintsha neeNkcukacha zikaThixo. Ziye zagwenxwa ngabantu neesithethe zabo. Oku kwenzeka ngenxa yezenzo neenkolelo ezingaphakathi, kodwa kwenzeka kwakhona ngenxa yexesha le iNyanga eNtsha, echaphazela ukubekwa kweeNtlanga. iNyanga eNtsha engeyiyo ithetha iNtlanga engeyiyo kwaye uMthetho kaThixo waphulwa. Ukwazi nje ngokwalo asisosizathu saneleyo sokungaqiniseki, malunga neNyanga eNtsha neeNtlanga.

Ikhalenda isekelwe kwiNyanga eNtsha, isisiganeko esichanekileyo seenkwenkwezi esinokubikezelwa ngokugqibeleleyo, kwaye sisiganeko esibekwe nguMthetho webhayibhile njengesiseko sokumisela iinkqubo zeNtsuku eziNgcwele. Esi siganeko sibalwa ukusuka kwixesha laseYerusalem ukuze sibekwe ngaphakathi kosuku olungaguquguqukiyo lomhlaba.

Loo mini lixesha leeyure ezingamashumi amabini anesine elibalwa ukusuka ekutshoneni kwelanga (ukufiphala) kuye ekutshoneni kwelanga (ukufiphala) njengakwi-equinox okanye, ngamanye amazwi, ukusuka ngo-6 p.m. ukuya ku-6 p.m. malunga. Oku kubaluleke ngakumbi kwiNyanga yokuQala (uNisan) nakwiNyanga yesiBhozo (uTishri) kuba zizona zikufutshane ne-equinox.

IYubile

Wonke umgaqo-nkqubo weKhalenda usekelwe kwiYubile. IYubile ngumjikelo weminyaka engamashumi amahlanu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kulwakhiwo lweTempile neCawa kunye nesakhiwo seBhayibhile. Ezinye iimfundiso zamaYuda namaSamariya kamva (cf. Bowman, Samaritan Documents, loc. cit., ch. 2, Tolidah and Lev. 25:10,11), ngokuphosakeleyo zazama ukuyenza ibe ngumjikelo weminyaka engamashumi amane anesithoba ukusuka ababhali bamaYuda namaSamariya (cf. Bowman, Samaritan Documents, loc. cit., ch. 2, Tolidah kunye neLev. 25:10,11), ngempazamo bazama ukuyenza ibe ngumjikelo weminyaka engamashumi amane anesithoba ukusukela kwiYubhile yesibini ukuqhubeka. IYubhile ibisalatha kubomi bomntu kunye neminyaka yakhe engamashumi amahlanu yokukhula. IMithetho esekwe kuyo iqulethwe kuxwebhu oluthi 'Umthetho kunye neMyalelo yeSine (No. 256)' . Yenziwe ngamajikelezo asixhenxe, ngalinye lineminyaka esixhenxe. Iivuno zinikwa kwiKhalenda rhoqo emva kweminyaka emithandathu ukuze uNyaka weSabatha ugcinwe (Lev. 25:3-7). UMthetho ufundwa rhoqo kuNyaka weSabatha kwiMibhiyozo yeeNdawo zokuHlala (Deut. 31:10-13). Isakhiwo soMthetho nabaProfeti njengoko kufundwa kwiMibhiyozo yeSabatha (ilungiselelwe ukusuka kwi-21/ 40 okanye uFundo loMthetho lweSabbathi luka-1998) luyacaciswa kumaphepha angomThetho neMiyalelo (Aman. 251-263); (thelekisa kwakhona nxwebhu EluMthetho kaThixo (No. L1).

Kunikwa isivuno esiphindwe kathathu kunyaka wama-48 weYubhile kunyaka wesithandathu womjikelo wokugqibela ukuze iminyaka emibini yeSabatha neYubhile ikwazi ukugcinwa (Lev. 25:21). Lo nyaka weYubhile ubalwa ukusuka kuSuku loXolelo kunyaka wama-49 ukuya kuSuku loXolelo kunyaka wama-50 okanye yoJubhile, xa zonke iimihlaba zibuyela kubanini bezizwe. Lonke ixabiso lomhlaba libalwa ngokusekelwe koku (Lev. 25:15). Lo nyaka uyagcinwa kwaye iJubhile ivakaliswa ngeSuku loXolelo kunyaka wamashumi amane anesithoba (Lev. 25:8-9), uze emva koko ugcinwe ungcwele unyaka omnye kude kube yiSuku loXolelo kunyaka wamashumi amahlanu (Lev. 25:9-13), ukuze iindawo zithi ke zitsalwe kwaye zityalwe ukuze kubelwe isivuno sentwasahlobo ngoAbib wonyaka wokuQala weJubhile elandelayo. Lo nyaka (wama-50) ngunyaka wesibhozo oqhelekileyo womjikelo (Lev. 25:22).

IYubhile yenzeka kwiminyaka engama-24 ne-74 BCE nakwengama-27 ne-77 CE kwinkulungwane nganye. Eyona Yubhile ilandelayo, iYubhile yamashumi amane ukusukela kubulungiseleli bukaMesia neyama-49 ukusukela ekwakhiweni ngokutsha kweTempile nasekubuyiselweni koMthetho phantsi koEzira noNehemiya, ikunyaka ongcwele ka-2027/8. Unyaka ka-2028 uza kuqalisa iJubhile yeeJubhile kunye nolawulo olutsha lweminyaka eliwaka lukaMesiya njengeJubhile ye-1/121 (thelekisa noFundo loMthetho noEzira noNehemiya (No. 250); Intsingiselo yoMbono kaHezekile (No. 108); Ixesha Lokubethelelwa Nokuvuka (No. 159); kunye neSishwankathelo seXesha leNkathi (No. 272)).

Ikhalenda kaThixo ihambelane ngokugqibeleleyo neSicwangciso saKhe esenziwe ngokungqinelana naleyo Khalenda kangangamawaka eminyaka. Ihambelana ngokugqibeleleyo noMthetho waKhe.

Ukuba uThixo ebefuna ukulungiswa okanye uhlengahlengiso lwenkqubo yaKhe, ebeya kunika imiyalelo ecacileyo, njengoko enjenjalo kuyo yonke enye inkalo yoMthetho waKhe. Apho athule khona ngomba, singaqikelela ngokukhuselekileyo ukuba akukho siseko senkqubo ethi icacise oko akubekileyo. UThixo, hayi uYuda, onegunya phezu kweZibhalo ezingaguqukiyo kunye neKalenda yaKhe.

Isongezelelo:

Ikhalenda yamaSamariya imiselwa ngokudibana kwenyanga neenkwenkwezi. Kunye nekhalenda yabaSaduse neBingelelo ngexesha leTempile, yayifana kule nkalo kwaye nakumcimbi wokumisela iPentekoste, abayichaza njengewela ngeCawa. Into engokuqondwa lula kukuba bahlukene kwinkalo enye, eyayiyeyokumisela i-equinox (ukulingana kobusuku nemini) kunye nasekuqaleni konyaka. Lo mahluko ke wenza ikhalenda yamaSamariya ibe yenyanga yasala emva kwekhalenda yeTempile ngeepesenti ezingamashumi amathandathu zexesha, nangona zombini zazimiswa ngokudibana kwenkweli nenyanga. Lo mba ucacisiwe kuhlelo olutsha lwephepha elithi The Moon and the New Year (No. 213) kwaye uye waphononongwa nakwuhlelo lwamva nje lweJeroboam and the Hillel Calendar (No. 191).

Q

Isihlomelo A

Indawo yama-Equinox ekumiseleni kwamaThixo

UPhilo, umYuda wase-Alexandria ngexesha lobomi bukaKristu, wafundisa ngeKhalenda yeTempile waza wachaza kumsebenzi wakhe wemithetho Ekhethekileyo ukuba ama-equinox esintu enzeka kwinyanga yokuqala nakwinyanga yesixhenxe. Oku kuthetha ukuba wayekholelwa ukuba inyanga entsha PHAMBI kweVernal Equinox yesintu yeyona nyanga yokuqala yonyaka!

UPhilo uyaqhubeka esithi [kwi-THE SPECIAL LAWS, II, (153) iphepha 582 THE FIFTH FESTIVAL XXVIII.] "Nangona inyanga "apho" kwenzeka khona i-equinox yasekwindla iyiqala ngokulandelelana ngokwemijikelo yelanga, ayithathwa njengeyokuqala ngokomthetho."

http://www.earlyjewishwritings.com/text/philo/book28.html

UPhilo apha uthi inyanga apho kwenzeka khona i-equinox yasekwindla okanye yasemantla yeyona nyanga yokuqala yonyaka ngokujikeleza kwelanga kodwa ayithathwa njengokuqala ngokomthetho, oko kukuthi inyanga/inkweli apho kwenzeka khona i-equinox yasekwindla yeyesixhenxe, nangona iyi-okuqala ngokujikeleza kwelanga. Inyanga apho kwenzeka khona i-equinox yasentwasahlobo yasemantla yeyona nyanga yokuqala yonyaka ngokomthetho, kodwa eyesixhenxe ngokujikeleza kwelanga. Ngoko ke uHillel yinkolelo-mpo.

Ukwabhala, ENKUDAWENI YOKUDALWA (116) Ikhasi 17

"Nelanga, umlawuli wemini, yenza ii-equinoxes ezimbini nyaka ngamnye, zombini entwasahlobo nasekwindla. I-equinox yasentwasahlobo kwisigcawu se-Aries, kunye neyase nkwindla kwi-Libra, inika owona mboniso ucacileyo unokwenzeka wembeko yobuthixo yenani elisixhenxe."

Le ngxelo yokuba nganye yenzeka kulandelelwano lwenyanga yesixhenxe ifunyanwa ngokubala ukusuka ku-1 ukuya ku-7, kunye neenyanga ezintlanu phakathi kweyokuqala neyesixhenxe, kwaye emva kweyesixhenxe kubalwa iinyanga ezintlanu ukuya kwiNyanga yokuQala ekupheleni kolwesibini olusixhenxe njengokulandelelana okulandelayo kweSixhenxe ukufikelela kwiNyanga yokuQala.

Esi sicatshulwa sisetyenziswa ngabanye njengokuthi "Kuba nganye yezi xesha zokulingana kwemini nobusuku yenzeka

"ngo" nyanga yesixhenxe, ngexesha apho abantu bayayalelwa ngokucacileyo ngumthetho ukuba babhiyozele ezona mibhiyozo zikhulu, ezithandwayo nezibandakanya zonke; kuba kungenxa yezi xesha zombini, ukuba zonke iziqhamo zomhlaba ziveliswa zize zigqibelele; isiqhamo sengqolowa, nazo zonke ezinye izinto ezityalwayo, siveliswa yi-equinox yasentwasahlobo; kwaye esesidiliya, nazo zonke ezinye izityalo ezineziqhamo eziqinileyo, ezinobuninzi, kweyasekwindla."

http://www.earlyjewishwritings.com/ text/philo/book1.html

FLACCUS iphepha 735 isahluko 14 ivesi 116 ithi: "Eli yayilishwa elingazange libonwe elafika kuFlaccus kwilizwe awayelilawula, wathinjwa njengentshaba ngenxa yamaYuda, ...ixesha lokubanjwa kwakhe, kuba yayiyimibhiyozo jikelele yamaYuda ngexesha le-equinox yasekwindla, ngexesha apho kuy isisiko samaYuda sokuhlala ezintenteni;"

http://www.earlyjewishwritings.com/text/philo/book36.html

IMIYASO EKHETHEKILEYO, I: Qaphela kwakhona ukuba oku kusuka kulo mbhalo iNyanga Entsha yoNyaka oMtsha ikwasisidlo esingcwele, iinyanga ezintsha zifuna amadini akhethekileyo.

"(180) Kuba isidlo esiqala iNyanga engcwele{23}{intsingiselo echanekileyo ye-ieromeµnia ayicacanga. Eyona nkcazelo ilungileyo yeli gama yacetyiswa ngumhlalutyi kaPindar Nem. 3.2 owachaza ukuba iintshayelelo zeenyanga zaziyingcwele (A. B. Drachmann, Scholia Vetera in Pindari Carmina [3 vols., Leipzig: B. G. Teubner, 1903û27] 3:42). Ngoko ke iqondwa njengoPhilo' isibizo sosuku lomthendeleko oluvula inyanga engcwele, apha ihlala iguqulelwa "umthendeleko oqala inyanga engcwele."} izibingelelo eziphindwe kabini zifanelekile ukuba zinikwe kuba isizathu sazo siphindwe kabini: esinye, kuba yinkweli entsha; esinye, kuba ngumthendeleko oqala inyanga engcwele. Ngokuphathelele kwinto yokuba yinkweli entsha, kucacisiwe ngokucacileyo ukuba izibingelelo ezilingana nezinye iinkweli ezintsha mazibingelelwe. Ngokuphathelele kwinto yokuba yi umthendeleko oqala inyanga engcwele, iimpahla zenzululwazi ziyaphindaphindwa ngaphandle kweenkomo eziselula. Kunikwa enye endaweni yezimbini kuba umgwebi ucinge ukuba kulungile ukusebenzisa isimo esingenakwahlulwa senani elinye endaweni yenani elinokwahlulwa elingama-2 ekuqaleni konyaka. (181) Kwisizini yokuqala --ubiza intwasahlobo kunye ne-equinox yayo njengexesha lokuqala--wayalela ukuba umthendeleko obizwa ngokuba "ngumthendeleko wesonka esingenasivumba" ubhiyozelwe iintsuku ezisixhenxe waza wachaza ukuba yonke imihla yayilingana ngembeko kwiinkonzo zonqulo. Kuba wayeyalela ukuba yonke imihla kubingelelwe izibingelo zokutshiswa ezipheleleyo ezilishumi, kanye njengoko kwenziwa ngeenyanga ezintsha, nto leyo eyenza inani lilonke lezibingelo zokutshiswa ezipheleleyo, ngaphandle kwezo zazinikela kwizibingelo zolwaphulo, libe ngamashumi asixhenxe. (182) Kuba wayecinga ukuba isizathu esifanayo sasilawula ubudlelwane benyanga entsha nenyanga, njengoko sasilawula ubudlelwane beentsuku ezisixhenxe zomthendeleko ne-equinox eyayenzeka kwinyanga yesixhenxe. Ngenxa yoko wabhengeza ngcwele zombini isiqalo se inyanga nganye kunye neqalisho, elinentsuku ezilinganayo nezo zenyanga entsha, lezo nyanga zisixhenxe zizonke. (183) Phakathi entwasahlobo kuyalunywa, ngexesha elo kunikelwa izibingelo zombulelo kuThixo ezivela emasimini ngenxa yokuba izale isiqhamo kwaye izityalo ziyalunywa. Esi sibhiyozo sesona sibhiyozo sigqwesileyo esibhiyozelwa luluntu kwaye sibizwa ngokuba "sisidlo sezityalo zokuqala," igama elithathwe kwimvelaphi yesiqendu sokuba izityalo zokuqala, iisithelo zokuqala, zinikezelwa ngelo xesha."

http://www.earlyjewishwritings.com/text/philo/book27.html

IMIYALELO EKHETHEKILEYO, II

181.} kuba phambi kokuba isivuno sonyaka sisetyenziswe ngabantu, isivuno sokuqala sesonka esitsha kunye nesithelo sokuqala esivele sinikezelwa njengesithelo sokuqala. (180) Kuba kulungile kwaye kulungile ngokwenkolo ukuba abo bafumene isipho esikhulu kakhulu kuThixo, ubuninzi bokutya okona kubalulekileyo, okuncedo kakhulu, kwanokutya okumnandi, bangalifumani okanye balisebenzise kwaphela phambi kokuba banikezele ngeziqhamo zokuqala kuye uMnikezeli. Abamniki nto kuba zonke izinto, impahla, nezipho zezakhe, kodwa ngophawu oluncinci babonise isimilo esibulelayo nesithanda uThixo kwalowo ungadingi zibonelelo kodwa etshiza izibonelelo ezingapheliyo nezihlala zihamba. (181) Okanye kungenxa yokuba isiqhamo sengqolowa sesona sokuqala nesona sigqwesileyo kuzo zonke izinto eziveliswayo. (182) Kwaye isonka siyachukunyiswa kuba umthetho uyalela nabani na ukuba angazinikeli ngesonka esingachukunyiswanga ebethelweni; kungekhona ngenjongo yokuba kubekho nakuphi na ukuphikisana kwimiyalelo enikiweyo, kodwa kube ngendlela yokuba ukunika nokwamkela kube kolunye uhlobo; ukwamkela kube ngumbulelo ovela kwabo bayinikela, kwaye ukunika kube kukupha okungenamathandabuzo kweentsikelelo eziqhelekileyo kwabo bayinikela. [...]{25}{wonke lo mba ubonakala wonakele kwaye awuqondakali. Ingakumbi uMangey ubonisa ukuba into eyayinqatshelwe yayingekuko ukunikela ngesonka esingenasivumba, kodwa sonka esinasivumba phezu kwaltari. Jonga Esekweni 28.23:18.} Hayi eneneni kude kube kuloo [...]{26}{inxalenye yecandelo 183 yashiywa kwinguqulelo kaYonge kuba ushicilelo awayesekelwe kulo, uMangey, lwalungenalo eli bali. La mazwi angqamileyo aguqulelwe ngoku kuthi ga ngoku kulo mqulu.} http://www.earlyjewishwritings.com/text/philo/book28.html

IMIYALELO EKHETHEKILEYO, 1, (186 -- iphepha 551 (186) "Xa isithathu sexesha lonyaka sifika kwinyanga yesixhenxe ngexesha lokulingana kwemini nobusuku ekwindla, ekuqaleni kwenyanga, kubhiyozelwa umthendeleko oqala inyanga engcwele ebizwa ngokuba 'ngumthendeleko weempempe' nowathethwe ngawo ngaphambili. Ngosuku lwe-10 kubakho ukuzila ukutya abakuthatha nzulu—kungekuphela nje abo banentshiseko enkonzweni nasekungcwalisekeni, kodwa kwanabo bangenzi nto inxulumene nonqulo ngexesha eliseleyo."

IMITHETHO ELISHUMI (161) iphepha 532, "Kodwa usuku lwesixhenxe lweveki ulunyulele ezona mibhiyozo zikhulu, ezo zihlala ixesha elide, ngamaxesha okulingana kwemini nobusuku kwentwasahlobo nakwindla nyaka ngamnye; ebeka imibhiyozo emibini kula maxesha mabini, nganye ihlale iintsuku ezisixhenxe; owenzeka entwasahlobo usebenzela ukugqibelela koko kutyalwayo, kwaye owawa ekwindla ube sisidlo sokubulela ngokubuyiswa konke iisithelo eziveliswe yimithi. Kwaye iintsuku ezisixhenxe zabelwe ngokufanelekileyo kwinyanga yesixhenxe yalo lonke ixesha lokulingana kwemini nobusuku, ukuze inyanga nganye ifumane imbeko ekhethekileyo yosuku olunye olungcwele lomthendeleko, ngenjongo yokuhlaziya nokonwabisa ingqondo ngeholide yayo."

http://www.earlyjewishwritings.com/text/philo/book26.html

IMIYALELO EKHETHEKILEYO, II, iphepha 582 ISONKA SOMTHONYAMA XV. (150) "Kwaye kukho esinye isonka esidibene nesidlo sePasika, esinekusetyenziswa kokutya okwahlukileyo kunoko kuqhelekileyo, kwaye kungekho siqhelo; ukusetyenziswa, oko kukuthi, yesonka esingenasivumba, apho ithatha khona igama layo. … Le nyanga, njengoko iyisixhenxe (kwiBhayibhile) ngokwenani nangokwezithuba, ngokwemijikelo yelanga, yeyokuqala ngamandla; (151) ngenxa yeso sizathu ikwabizwa ngokuba yeyokuqala kwizibhalo ezingcwele. Kwaye isizathu, njengoko ndicinga, sithi ngolu hlobo. I-equinox yasentwasahlobo yinkqubo nokumelwa kwaloo siqalo ngokwaso kwadalwa ngaso eli hlabathi.

Ngenxa yoko, nyaka ngamnye, uThixo ukhumbuza abantu ngokudalwa kwehlabathi, kwaye ngenjongo le, ubonisa intwasahlobo, elixa kuzo zonke izityalo zikhula zize zityatyambe (152) ngenxa yeso sizathu le yenziwa ngokuchanekileyo kumthetho inyanga yokuqala, kuba, ngandlel' ithile, inokuthiwa ngumfanekiso wokuqala kuko konke, isithi shwaka ngayo njengogqabaza oluyintloko. (153) Nangona inyanga i-equinox yasekwindla yenzeka kuyo iyiqala ngokulandelelana ngokweendlela zelanga, ayithathwa njengeyokuqala emthethweni.

Isizathu kukuba ngelo xesha, emva kokuba zonke izityalo zivunyiwe, imithi iyalahlekelwa ngamagqabi ayo kwaye yonke into eyaveliswa lixesha lasentwasahlobo ekubeni kwakugqibelele ubuhle bayo iyaphela phantsi kwemimoya eyomileyo emva kokuba yomile ngenxa yefl ubushushu obugqithisileyo balo. (154) Kungoko wacinga ukuba ukusebenzisa igama elithi "okuqala" kwinyanga apho ilizwe leenduli namathafa liyeka ukuba nentsalela kwaye lingavelisi, akufanelekanga kwaye akulunganga. Kuba kufuneka ukuba izinto ezintle nezimnandi kakhulu zibe zezo zokuqala nezifumene isikhundla sobunkokeli, ezo zinto ezibangela ukuzala nokukhula kwezilwanyana neziqhamo nezityalo, kodwa hayi amandla abhubhisayo anesiphelo esibi. (155) Kwaye le mibhiyozo iqala ngomhla we-15 wenyanga, esazulwini senyanga, ngosuku apho inyanga izele kukukhanya, ngenxa yokhathalelo lukaThixo oluqinisekisa ukuba akukho mnyama ngaloo mini. …(160) Ngoko ke, njengoko umbhiyozo wasentwasahlobo ulikhumbuzo lokudalwa kwehlabathi,

IMITHETHO EKHETHEKILEYO, I {Isihloko sikaYonge, Incwadi Ngokugqunywa.} XXXV. (172) "Kwaye iingqayi zibekwa ngosuku lwesixhenxe etafileni engcwele, zilingana ngenani neenyanga zonyaka, iingqayi ezilishumi elinambini, zicwangciswe kumqolo omibini onezithandathu ngamnye, ngokungqinelana nocwangciso lwee-equinox; kuba kukho ii-equinox ezimbini nyaka ngamnye, eyentwasahlobo neyasekwindla, nganye kuzo ibalwa ngexesha leenyanga ezintandathu. Ngexesha le-equinox yasentwasahlobo zonke iimbewu ezitsalwe emhlabeni ziqala ukuvuthwa; malunga nexesha elo, kwakhona, imithi iqala ukuphupha iziqhamo zayo. Kwaye ngexesha leyo yasekwindla isiqhamo semithi sibe sivuthwe ngokupheleleyo; kwaye kweli xesha, kwakhona, kuqala ixesha lokutyala imbewu. Ngokunjalo indalo, ihamba kwindlela ende yexesha, iwisa izipho ngemizuzwana kwintlanga yabantu, iimpawu zazo zezo zimbini zamaxeshana ezintandathu zeembumba ezibekwe ngolu hlobo etafileni."

"ngokuhambelana nokucwangciswa kwee-equinoxes; kuba kukho ii-equinoxes ezimbini nyaka ngamnye,"

Unyanga omtsha okanye inyanga "emva" kwe-equinox ayisiyiyo inyanga apho i-equinox yenzeka khona! UPhilo akathethi ngeKhalenda yeLanga, inkqubo yamaRoma eyayisekelwe kuyo emva kukaJulius Ceasar. UPhilo uthi ngokukodwa ukuba iNyanga iqala ukusukela kolunye uNyanga omtsha ukuya kowalandelayo, kwaye iquka usuku apho i-conjunction yenzeka khona. Jonga iMithetho eKhethekileyo kwiNtsuku eziZimiselweyo yesithathu okanye uNyanga oMtsha. Unyaka oMtsha usoloko uyiNyanga eNtsha ekufutshane ne-equinox xa kunyuswa unyaka wokongeza u-Adar II okanye u-We Adar ukongeza ikhalenda yenyanga. Oku Kongeza kwenzeka kunyaka ongcwele ka-2016/2017 kubeka iNyanga eNtsha ngomhla wama-28 kuMatshi 2017 emva kwe-equinox, hayi kuMatshi ka-2016 owenzekileyo kusetyenziswa iindlela zokongeza zaseBhabhiloni zikaHillel. Ingxelo yokuba iNyanga eNtsha kufuneka zisoloko zenzeka phambi kwe-Equinox yintetho engeyonyani kwaye kukufunda okungachanekanga kukaPhilo.

Ngokunjalo sinokubona kwi-Josephus Antiquities of the Jews, iNcwadi 3.

ISAHLUKO 10. NGEMITHONYAMA; NOKUBA USUKU NGALUNYE LOMTHONYAMA LUNGAZANYELWA NJANI. 5. "Kwinyanga kaXanthicus, ethi kuthi ibizwe ngokuba nguNisan, kwaye isisiqalo sonyaka wethu, Ngaloo ndlela uHillel wenza impazamo ngonyaka omtsha kwiRosh Hashanah okanye eKwindla. Ngo-2016 uHillel uneRosh Hashanah ngo-Okthobha okanye kwiNyanga yesiSibhozo eqala emva kwe-Equinox yaseMantla. http://www.earlyjewishwritings.com/text/josephus/ant3.html

Jonga kwakhona i-Antiquities of the Jews, iNcwadi 1.

ISALE 3. NGEMVUMA; KWAYE NGOWUPHI UHLOBO UNOWE WASINDISWA KWI-ARKI, NABEZAKWAKHE, EMVA KOKO WALUHLALA KUMGxobhozo WASeShinar, 3. Eli tyholo lenzeka kunyaka wamakhulu amathandathu wolawulo lukaNowa, [ubudala,] kwinyanga yesibini, (14) ebizwa ngamaMasedoni ngokuba yiDius, kodwa ngamaHebhere iMarchesuan: kuba ngolu hlobo babelungelelanisa unyaka wabo eYiputa. Kodwa uMoses wamisela ukuba uNisan, ofanayo noXanthicus, abe yinyanga yokuqala yeminikelo yabo engcwele, [uMatshi u-Epreli hayi u-Epreli uMatshi njengoko kwenzeka ngo-2016 ngokuhlela kukaHillel] kuba wabakhupha eYiputa ngaloo nyanga: ngoko ke le nyanga yaqala unyaka ngokwemibhiyozo yonke ababeyinikezela kuThixo, nangona walugcina ucwangciso lokuqala lweenyanga ngokwentengiso nokuthenga, nezinye izinto eziqhelekileyo. Ekuqaleni konyaka wesibini, kwinyanga kaXanthicus, njengoko iMasedoni ibiza, kodwa ngenyanga kaNisan, njengoko amaHebhere ebiza, ngenyanga entsha, bangcwalisela itabernakile, nazo zonke izitya zayo, endisele ndizichazile."

http://www.earlyjewishwritings.com/text/josephus/ant1.html

Imbali icacile malunga nokuba ikhalenda yeTempile yayiyintoni kwaye ubuxoki bamaYuda nama-Armstrongite kufuneka bujongwe ngadelelo olupheleleyo. Icawe inoxanduva lokufunda iinyaniso zeKhalenda yeTempile kwaye isilele ngokupheleleyo oko kungeyonyani.

Isihlomelo B

UJUBHILE

Levitikus 25:20-22

20: Kwaye ukuba nithi, Siza kutya ntoni ngonyaka wesixhenxe? nanko, asiyi kutyala, asiyi kungqiba kwisivuno sethu:

21: Ndiya kuyalela isiqalekiso sam kuni kunyaka wesithandathu, size sizale iminyaka emithathu.

22: Niya kutyala kunyaka wesibhozo, nitye isivuno esidala side kufike unyaka wesithoba; side kuphume iziqhamo zawo, niya kutya esigciniweyo. (KJV)