Iicawa zamaKristu zikaThixo

 

Inombolo 170

 

 

 

 

 

 

Indima yeMiyalelo yesine kwiicawa zembali zikaThixo ezigcina iSabatha

(Uhlelo 4.5 19960622-20000122-20090128-20100715-20250728)

 

Kuthathwa njengento ecacileyo ziicawa ezigcina uMbeko-sithoba kwezizigidi ezibini ezidlulileyo ukuba umxholo ongundoqo kunye nophawu olumqondayo ubuKristu yayinguMbeko-sithoba nokuba iicawa kuyo yonke imbali zazixhatshazwa ngenxa yokuthobela kwazo uMbeko-sithoba. Le ngqondo, xa ithe yona iyinyani, inyaniseke kuphela ngokuyinxenye kwaye okona kubi kakhulu ifihla iinkalo eziyintloko zenyaniso eyayixhatshazwa ngayo iCawe kaThixo kunye nezinye iinkalo ezenza iimpawu zabakhethiweyo. Eli phepha libonisa ukuba eneneni kukho uthotho lwe iimpawu ezichonga abakhethiweyo nezazisetyenziselwa ukubahlula nokubakha ngaphandle eluntwini ngamaxesha okuhlukunyezwa adla ngokubizwa ngokuba zii-Inquisitions.

 

 

Iicawa zamaKristu zikaThixo

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I-imeyile: secretary@ccg.org

 

(Ilungelo lokushicilela © 1996, 1998, 2000, 2009, 2010, 2025 nguWade Cox)

(tr. 2026)

 

Eli phepha lingakopishwa kwaye lisasazwe ngokukhululekileyo ukuba nje likopishwa lonke, lingatshintshwanga okanye licinywe. Umpapashi kufuneka kubandakanywe igama nekheli yompapashi kunye nesaziso samalungelo okukopisha. Akukho ntlawulo inokubandakanywa kubamkeli beekopi ezisasazwayo. Iingcaphulo ezimfutshane zinokufakwa kumanqaku ohlalutyo nophononongo ngaphandle kokwaphula amalungelo okukopisha.

 

Eli phepha liyafumaneka kwiphepha le-World Wide Web:

http://www.logon.org kunye ne- http://www.ccg.org

 

Indima yeMthetho wesine kwiCawa kaThixo eziGcina iSabatha eMbali

 

Intshayelelo

Kwiphepha elithi Ukusasazwa ngokuBanzi kweeCawa eziGcina iSabatha (No. 122) kwabonakaliswa ukuba bekukho uchungechunge olungapheliyo lweecawa ezigcina iSabatha kuyo yonke imbali ezazisoloko zichaswa kwaye zixhatshazwa yinkqubo yeecawa eziphambili. Kuthathwa njengento ecacileyo ziSabatha  iicawa ezigcina iSabatha kwezikhulu ezimbini ezidlulileyo kwafunyanwa ukuba umxholo ongundoqo kunye nophawu lokuchonga lolu hlelo yayiyiSabatha nokuba iicawa zazixhatshazwa ngenxa yokuthobela kwazo iSabatha. Le ngqondo, xa ithe yinyaniso, inyaniseke kuphela ngokuyinxenye kwaye okona kubi kakhulu ifihla iinkalo ezisemgangathweni zenkolo eyayixhatshazwa ngayo iCawa kaThixo nezo zinkalo zenza ezinye iimpawu zabakhethiweyo. Kuya kubonakala kule phepha ukuba eneneni kukho uthotho lweempawu ezichonga abakhethiweyo nezo  zazisetyenziselwa ukuzahlula nabo nokubakhipha eluntwini ngamaxesha oxhatshazo adla ngokubizwa ngokuba zii-Inquisitions. Inkqubo ephambili ye-orthodoksi yasebenzisa iimpawu ezininzi zokuchonga ukholo ukuqokelela ulwazi nobungqina obuchasene nabakhethiweyo ukuze ibatshabalalise.

 

Iicawa zikaThixo zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini zenza impazamo engundoqo yokucinga ukuba oko zakuqondayo kokona kulungileyo okanye kugqibelele ngaphezu kokuqonda kweecawe zamanye amaxesha. Oko kwangoko kwangangumonakalo weecawa zamaxesha kamva kwaye kwavela ekungazini kwazo iimfundiso zeecawa zangaphambili kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemfundiso yenkolo yazo. Kuyinyani ukuba amaxesha kamva abonakalisa zonke iimpawu zombini iinkqubo zaseSardis nezaseLaodicea (Isityhilelo 3:1-6,14-22). Kule nkanuko kuza kuvela inkqubo yokwenene yamaFiladelfiya (Isityhilelo 3:7-13) enamandla amancinci kodwa ethembekileyo kwimiyalelo kaThixo nakubungqina bukaYesu Kristu (Isityhilelo 12:17; 14:12).

 

Yintoni kanye kanye iBhayibhile ethi ziimpawu zabakhethiweyo kwaye iSabatha idlala yona indima kweso senzo sokuchonga?

 

ISabatha njengolunye lweempawu zeCawa

ISabatha ngumthetho wesine. Ihlolwe ngokubanzi kuxwebhu oluthi Umthetho noMthetho Wesine (No. 256); bona kwakhona ISabatha (No. 031). Ifumaneka ku-Eksodus 20:8,10,11; kunye neDuteronomi 5:12.

 

ISabatha idweliswe njengophawu lwabantu bakaThixo. Luphawu phakathi kwethu noThixo osenza bangcwele.

Eksodus 31:12-14 Wathi uYehova kuMoses, esithi, 13Thetha nawe koonyana bakaSirayeli, usithi,  Ngenene ke, iziSabatha zam niyagcina; kuba luphawu phakathi kwam nani ezizukulwana zenu zonke; ukuze nazi ukuba ndinguYehova oningcwalisayo. 14 Ngaloo ndlela niyakugcina isabatha; kuba ingcwele kuni: nabani na oyingcolisayo ngokuqinisekileyo uya kubulawa: kuba nabani na owenzayo nawuphi na umsebenzi kuyo, loo mphefumlo uya kunqunyulwa ebantwini bakhe. (KJV)

Kuhlala kuthathwa ngokungachanekanga ukuba iiSabatha ekuthethwa ngazo apha ziingqokelela nje zeSabatha enye yeveki. Oko akuchanekanga. IiSabatha zandiselwa kulonke uluhlu lwenkonzo ngamaHlungu aNgcwele adweliswe njengeeSabatha zikaThixo. Ukubulawa kukwengqondo nomoya. ISabatha asiyomqondiso weCawa kuphela. Ikwangumqondiso wabantu besivumelwano abangekabizwa ukuba babe yinxalenye yeCawa. Ukuba ibingumqondiso wabanyuliweyo, ubuYuda bebuya kuba yinxalenye yokuvuka kokuqala, nto leyo engeyiyo.

 

Eminye imiqondiso yabanyuliweyo

Uphawu lwesibini yiPasika neFeasti yeSinkwa Esingenyeveni.

Eksodus 13:9-16 Kwaye makube luphawu kuwe esandleni sakho, nembeko phakathi kwamehlo akho, kuba umthetho weNkosi waba semlonyeni wakho; kuba ngeSandla esinamandla iNkosi yakukhupha eYiputa. 10Ngoko ke uya kuyigcina le ndlela yomthetho ngexesha layo, unyaka nonyaka. 11Kwaye kuya kuba xa iNkosi ikusa emhlabeni wamaKhanani, njengoko wafunga kuwe nakubhokhwe bakho, aze akunike lona, 12 Ukuze wahlulele iNkosi yonke into evula isibeleko, nazo zonke izibereko zezilwanyana onazo; eziyindoda zibe zezeNkosi. 13 Kwaye zonke izibereko zehashe uya kuzihlawulela ngelambo; kwaye ukuba awuzihlawuleli, ke uya kumaphula intamo yalo: kwaye yonke inkwenkwe yokuqala ebantwaneni bakho uya kuyekezela. 14 Kwaye kuya kwenzeka, xa unyana wakho ekubuza ngemihla ezayo, esithi, Kutheni le nto?  uza kumshela ukuthi, Ngesandla esinamandla iNkosi yasikhupha eYiputa, endlwini yokubanjwa: 15Kwathi, akwenzeka ukuba uFaro akasivumeli ukuhamba, iNkosi yabulala zonke iinkulumbuso emhlabeni waseYiputa, ukusukela kwinkulumbuso yomntu, ukuya kwinkulumbuso yesilwanyana: ngoko ke ndiyinikela eNkosini yonke into evula isibeleko, ezizinkunzi; kodwa zonke iinkunzi zezithungu zam ndiyazihlawulela. 16 Kwaye makube luphawu esandleni sakho, nophawu phakathi kwamehlo akho; kuba isandla seYehova sisikhuphileyo eYiputa. (KJV)

 

IPasika neSinkwa Esingenquma ziziphawu zesibini zabantu besivumelwano. Olu ndolulelo lomyalelo wesine (njengoko sibonileyo ngasentla) lolokubeka iimpawu zemithetho kaThixo kwizenzo zethu (ezandleni) nakwiingqondo zethu (ezibhakabhakeni, phakathi kwamehlo) . Luphawu lomthetho weNkosi (Duteronomi 6:8) kunye nokuhlangulwa kwayo uSirayeli (Duteronomi 6:10). Ukususela kwiTestamente eNtsha le meko yandiselwa kumaHeke angaphakathi kuKristu (Roma 9:6; 11:25-26). Ukuqondwa kwePasika kwiCawa zikaThixo kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini kube yimpazamo enkulu. Kuthathwa ngokungachanekanga ukuba amaYuda ayephazama nokuba iPasika yayikunobusuku be-14 kaNisan kwaye uBusuku obuZakukhunjulwa Kakhulu babukwi-15 kwaye obu busuku babubizwe ngokuphosakeleyo yiYuda ngokuba yiPasika. Oku kuye kahlolisiswa ngokweenkcukacha kwaye yonke isakhiwo seziseko zobuxoki esisekelwe kuso sihlolisiswe kwiSihlomelo sephepha elithi iPasika (No. 098).

 

Ezi mpawu zomthetho, iSabatha, nePasika zenzelwe ngokukodwa ukukhusela kwinkonzo-zithixo (Duteronomi 11:6). Ezi mpawu zimbini sisitampu esandleni nasebunzi babakhethiweyo beNkosi. NgeMoya oyiNgcwele zenza isiseko sokutyamaziswa kwiSityhilelo 7:3 seentsuku zokugqibela. Uphawu lwabakhethiweyo ngoko ke lujolise kumyalelo wokuqala. UKristu wathi: Uya kunqula iNkosi uThixo wakho, kwaye yiyo yodwa oya kuyinqula (okanye ukhonze) (Mat. 4:10; Lk. 4:8). Inkonzo kunqulo ngokwembhalo yeBhayibhile.

 

Usuku Loxolelo lwesinye uphawu lwabantu besivumelwano. Ukungagcini uSuku Loxolelo kohlwaywa ngokususwa kubantu bomntu; ngamanye amazwi, kumzimba wesivumelwano wakwaSirayeli ongumbandela (Lev. 23:29).

 

Uphawu lokuqala nolona luphambili lwabantu besivumelwano yayingunyevuso (Gen 17:14). Oku kwasuswa kwangena kwimeko yobhaptizo (jonga iphepha iSivumelwano sikaThixo (No. 152)).

 

Ubhaptizo kuMoya oyiNgcwele, ke ngoko, luphawu oluphambili lwabakhethiweyo ngeligazi likaYesu Kristu kungena kumzimba omnye (Mat. 28:19; IZenzo 1:5; 11:16; Rom. 6:3; 1Kor. 12:13; Heb. 9:11-28).

 

Isikhundla esiqhelekileyo sengqondo yeCawa

Ingqondo eqhelekileyo yabakhethiweyo inokubonwa ukususela kwixesha elidala. Eyona ndlela isondeleyo esinokufikelela ngayo ku-apostile uYohane kukusebenzisa imibhalo yabafundi uPolycarp no-Irenaeus. Imbono yamandulo yeyokuba iBhayibhile necawa yeTestamente eNtsha yayinembono eyodwa ngoButhixo ebingaguquguqukiyo kangangeminyaka elishumi elinesibini.

 

Undoqo lokholo lwabo yayiyimfundiso yabo ngoThixo. ISabatha, iiNyanga ezintsha neeMibhiyozo yayizizinto ezahlukileyo zokunqula loo Thixo. Oku kwakukhatshwa kukuthotyelwa kwemithetho yokutya ngokubanzi (jonga kwakhona iphepha elithi Imithetho Yokutya (No. 015) ). Ngoko ke iSabatha nayo yonke into eyayisuka kuyo yayiluphawu lokuqulatha uThixo omnye wokwenene (Yohane 17:3). Lo Thixo, u-Eloah, wayefana kanye nalowo wayequlathwa nguYuda waza waboniswa eTestamenteni eNdala. Kwicawa yamandulo, iBhayibhile yayiyiTestamente eNdala eyayitolikwa yaye icaciswa yiTestamente eNtsha (bona iphepha elithi IBhayibhile (No. 164)). Iimfundiso zecawa yamandulo ngoThixo ziye zavavanywa kumaphepha athi Early Theology of the Godhead (No. 127), On Immortality (No. 165), The Deity of Christ (No. 147), The First Commandment: the Sin of Satan (No. 153) kunye no Consubstantial with the Father (No. 081).

 

Isiseko seBhayibhile semfundiso eqhelekileyo

Isiseko seBhayibhile semfundiso eqhelekileyo sigxile kumthetho wokuqala omkhulu (thelekisa nempapasho ethi Umthetho Wokuqala Omkhulu (No. 252). Ngale ndlela sibona ukuba umthetho wesine uyicala nje lesine lesakhiwo esikhulu. IiSabatha neeNtsuku eziNgcwele zikwangamacandelo omthetho wesine kwaye zinxulumana neminye imithetho. Oku kuhlolwe kwiNgxelo yeziNkolelo zoKukholwa koobuKrestu (No. A1).

 

ICawa izinikele ekugcineni iMiyalelo eliShumi njengoko zifumaneka kwi-Eksodus 20: 1-17 kunye neDuteronomi 5:6-21.

Umthetho wokuqala ngulo:

NdingoYehova uThixo wakho, ondikhuphe ezweni laseYiputa, endlwini yokubandezwa. Akungayi kuba noothixo abanye phambi kwam.

UThixo uYise nguye uThixo oyinyani (Yoh. 17:3) kwaye akukho elohim ongaphambi okanye olingana naYe. Akukho mvume yokuqubha okanye yokuthandaza kulo naluphi na olunye ubuqu, kuquka noYesu Krestu.Umyalelo wesibini ngulo:

Akuyi kuzenzela mfanekiso oqingqiweyo, okanye nayiphi na imifanekiso yayo nayiphi na into esemazulwini ngaphezulu, okanye esemhlabeni ngasezantsi, okanye esemanzini aphantsi komhlaba; Akuyi kuboqa phantsi kuzo okanye uzincamele; kuba mna iNkosi uThixo wakho ndingThixo onomona, ndityelela ububi babo babokhokho ebantwaneni kude kube kusizukulwana sesithathu nesesine salabo bandithiyileyo, kodwa ndibonakalisa uthando olungunaphakade kwabo bandithandayo nabagcina imithetho yam.

Kungoko kungavumelekanga ukwenza imifanekiso okanye izifaniso zohlobo lwaluphi na ukuze kusetyenziswe kunqulo okanye njengeempawu. Kungoko isiphambano sikwalelwe iCawa njengophawu. ImiThetho ngokwayo iyinxalenye yokuchonga inkqubo yonqulo kwaye kungoko yonke ifakwe ngokuqinileyo.

 

Umyalelo wesithathu uthi:

Ungalithathi igama leNkosi uThixo wakho ngokungenankathalo; kuba iNkosi ayisayi kumhlambulula lowo ulithatha igama layo ngokungenankathalo.

Igama leNkosi uThixo linika igunya, kwaye ke ngoko lo mthetho awuphathelanga nje kuphela ekuthukeni okulula kodwa wandiselwa ekusetyenzisweni gwenxa kwegunya leCawa nakubo bonke abo bathi basebenza ngokwalathiswa nguThixo ngoYesu Kristu.

 

Umyalelo wesine uthi:

Khumbula usuku lweSabatha, ulungise lube lungcwele. Iintsuku ezintandathu wenza imisebenzi yakho yonke; kodwa usuku lwesixhenxe lusuku lweSabatha lweNkosi uThixo wakho; kulo akukho msebenzi uza kuwenzayo, wena, okanye unyana wakho, okanye intombi yakho, umkhonzi wakho, okanye intombi yakho engumkhonzi, okanye izilwanyana zakho, okanye umhlali ongumhlobo ongaphakathi ezangweni zakho; kuba kwiintsuku ezintandathu iNkosi yenza izulu nomhlaba, ulwandle, nayo yonke into ekuyo, yaza yaphumla ngosuku lwesixhenxe; ngoko ke iNkosi yasikelela usuku lweSabatha yaza lwanga.

ISabatha yosuku lwesixhenxe ke ngoko inyanzelekile elukholweni. Akukho Mukrista onokumkhonza uThixo aze akusihloniphi isabatha, esaziwa kwikhalenda yangoku njengeMgqibelo. Ukusekwa kwesinye usuku lonqulo ngaphandle kosuku lwesixhenxe akophuli nje kuphela lo myalelo kodwa kuba ngokwalo luphawu lobuthixo bezithixo, olungaphandle kwentando ecacileyo kaThixo. Sisenzo sokwaphula umthetho kwaye ke ngoko silingana nomthakazo (1Sam . 15:23). Xa idityaniswe nomyalelo wesibini, oqinisa owesine, iba kukuthanda izithixo. Ukusekwa kwekhalenda, elungisa iveki ngokujikeleza, kunempembelelo efanayo.

 

La miyalelo mane yokuqala zimisela ubudlelwane bomntu noThixo kwaye zichongwa phantsi kwentloko yokuqala neyona iphambili yomthetho, ithi:

Uthande iNkosi uThixo wakho ngentliziyo yakho yonke, nangomphefumlo wakho wonke, nangengqondo yakho yonke, (nangamandla akho onke; Marko 12:30). Lo ngumyalelo omkhulu nowokuqala (Mat. 22:37-38) .

Ukuzinikela ngokupheleleyo kuThixo kuvela ekuthobeleni ngokunyanisekileyo la migaqo-siseko nasekuphepheni nasiphi na isenzo esinokuyichitha.

 

Umthetho wesine ke ngoko ngomnye wothotho lwemigaqo-siseko emine eyingxenye ebalulekileyo yomthetho wokuqala omkhulu. Ngoko ke, ngokomlomo kaYesu Krestu, uThixo uYise ukwindawo ephambili kwaye uyeyona njongo iphambili nesiphelo sokholo (Mat. 22:37-38; Mk. 12:30; Rev. 1:8). Ulwazi ngoThixo oyiNyaniso oyedwa kunye noNyana waKhe uYesu Kristu, awamthumayo, lubalulekile ekufumaneni ubomi obungunaphakade (Jn. 17:3; 1Jn. 5:20).

 

Umthetho wesine ke ngoko awuyiphelo ngokwawo, kodwa uluphawu nje oluyintloko lwabakhethiweyo kunye nenyani yokuthobela kwabo uThixo.

 

Umthetho wesine uyandiswa ukuze uquke yonke inkqubo yobugumbazi beBhayibhile yeNyanga Entsha, Amatheku neeNtsuku eziNgcwele kunye nokunikela ngesishumi (jonga iphepha elithi Ukunikela ngesishumi (No. 161)) enxulumene nenkqubo yeziqhamo zokuqala neVunwa yeSivumelwano (jonga kwakhona iphepha elithi ISivumelwano sikaThixo (No. 152)).

 

Sibone iziphumo zeNyanga eziNtsha kwikhalenda kaThixo (jonga iphepha elithi Ikhalenda kaThixo (No. 156)). Iinyanga Ezintsha neMibhiyozo zidityaniswa zakha isakhiwo soLawulo lukaThixo. ISanhedrin, ngendlela efanayo neTempile esemzimbeni kunye ubulungiseleli bayo, yayisisibonakaliso senkqubo yezulu (Heb. 8:5). Noko ke, sineliziko elingamakhaya apho abo bakhonza ententeni (okanye kwisakhiwo esiphathekayo) bangenalo ilungelo lokutya khona (Heb. 13:10). Ngaloo ndlela asinayo isixeko esihlala sihleli esiphathekayo, kodwa sifuna isixeko esizayo. Ngokufanayo nokuba imibingelelo itshiswa ngaphandle kwesixeko, kananjalo noKristu walingwa ngaphandle kwesixeko, kwaye ke ngoko siphuma siye ngaphandle kwenkampu ukuze sive ubunzima obufanayo nobo wabunyamezelayo (Heb. 13:12-13).

 

Ngoko ke sijonga umzekelo wabazalwana bethu bakudala ukuze sibone ukuba baye banyamezela ntoni kwaye babelotywa ngenxa yantoni. Iimfundiso zecawa yamandulo zibonakala zihambelana ngokufanelekileyo ukuba singakwazi ukwahlula inyaniso kwiphulo-nkohliso lenkqubo esembindini.

 

Ukusetyenziswa kwezi zinto zahlukileyo kwiimfundiso zeecawa zokuqala

Icawa yamandulo yayiyi-Unitarian kuphela. AmaGnostics namaModalists asikho bebethathwa njengenxalenye yeCawa. Akukho bungqina kwaphela bokuba uKristu okanye iintumwa okanye abafundi babo bakha baba ngamaBinitari okanye amaTritari. Enyanisweni, kukho ubungqina obucacileyo bokuba imfundiso yeTrinity yaphuhliswa isuka kwiBinitariyani eyayithathwe kumaKristu angathi ngowesine wenkulungwane. Isikhundla seTritariyani, kunye nesangaphambili sayo esingavakaliyo, iBinitariyani, asizange sibe sebandleni eligcina uMbindi kude kube lelo xesha okanye eneneni kude kube nguHlaziyo lweCawa malunga neminyaka elishumi elinanye kwiinkulungwane ezilandelayo. IBinitarianism, eneneni, yavela kwiModalism, elilifundiso labakhonzi bokumkani u-Attis eRoma (jonga iphepha i-The Origins of Christmas and Easter (No. 235)).

 

Ubungqina obuvela kwiMbali naKugonyamelo lweCawa

 

ICawa yamandulo

Siyazi kwimibhalo ka-Irenaeus (nakuPolycarp owayengaphambi kwakhe) ukuba yena neCawa babengamaUnitariyani ngokuyintloko nokuba babekholelwa ukuba uKristu wamiselwa njenge-elohim nokuba abakhethiweyo babezakuba zi-elohim njengoko uKristu wayenjalo noThixo. Babekholelwa ukuba nguThixo kuphela owakheka ngonaphakade nokuba akukho nto ikhoyo ekwanti yakhe. Oku kuthatyathwe kuZekariya 12:8 kwaye kufumaneka kwi-Against Heresies.

 

U-Irenaeus uthi ngoThixo (Against Heresies, III, viii, 3):

Kuba Wayalela, baza badalwa; Wathetha, baza benziwa. Ngubani ke lowo Wayemyalele? Ilizwi, ngokungathandabuzekiyo, lowo, utsho, amazulu amiswa ngaye, nazo zonke izigunyana zazo ngomoya womlomo wakhe [INdumiso 33:6] .

U-Irenaeus wayekholelwa ukuba:

kungqineke ngokucacileyo ukuba akukho namnye kubaprofeti okanye kubapostile owakhankanya enye iNkulunkulu, okanye wambiza [yena] ngeNkosi, ngaphandle kweNkulunkulu yokwenyani neyodwa... .Kodwa izinto ezimisweyo zahlukile Kuye owazimisayo, kwaye izinto ezenziweyo zahlukile Kuye owazenzayo. Kuba Yena ngokwakhe akadalwanga, akanasiqalo nasiphelo, kwaye akaswele nto. Yena ngokwakhe uyazanela; kwaye ngaphezu koko, unika zonke ezinye izinto le nto inye, ukubakho; kodwa izinto ezenziweyo Ngaye (ibid.).

U-Irenaeus wandisa ubuchule bokuba nguThixo (theos okanye elohim) kwiLogos apha, eyahlukileyo kwizinto ezingezinye ezimisweyo (ibid.). Wayesele emisile isikhundla sikaThixo noNyana kunye nesawo ukwamkelwa njengabantwana njenge-theoi okanye i-elohim kunye nabo bonke oonyana bakaThixo ukusukela kwiNcwadi III, isahluko vi.

Ngoko ke, iNkosi, okanye uMoya oyiNgcwele, okanye iintumwa, bezingasoze zibize njengoThixo, ngokuqinisekileyo nangokupheleleyo, yena ongenguye uThixo, ngaphandle kokuba engunyani uThixo; kwaye bebengayi kumthiya nabani na egameni lakhe elinguNkosi, ngaphandle koThixo uYise olawula phezu kwabo bonke, kunye noNyana wakhe ofumene ulawulo kuYise phezu kwentlanga yonke, njengoko le ndawo isitsho: INkosi yathi kwiNkosi yam, Hlala ngasekunene kwam, ndide ndenze iintshaba zakho zibe sisihlalo seenyawo zakho [IiNdumiso 110:1]. Apha i[Sibhalo] libonisa uYise ethetha noNyana; Yena owamnika ilifa leentlanga, waza wamthobelisa yonke imiNtu yakhe...

U-Irenaeus waqhubeka wathi uMoya oyiNgcwele ubize bobabini uYise noNyana njengoNkosi apha. Wayekholelwa ukuba nguKristu owathetha noAbraham phambi kokutshabalaliswa kwabantu baseSodom waza wafumana amandla [kuThixo] okugweba abantu baseSodom ngenxa yobubi babo. Kwaye le [mbhalo ilandelayo]:

iyayibangela inyaniso enye: "'Isihlalo sakho sobukhosi, Thixo, sesaphakade nanaphakade; intonga yolawulo lwakho yintonga elungileyo. Uthande ubulungisa waza wathiya ububi: ngoko ke, Thixo, uThixo wakho ukuthambisile" [INdumiso 45:6] Kuba uMoya ubabiza bobabini ngegama likaThixo [theos okanye elohim] - bobabini lowo othanjisweyo njengoNyana kunye nalowo uthamba, oko kukuthi nguBawo. Kwaye kwakhona: "UThixo wema phakathi kwengqungquthela yothixo, uphikisa phakathi kwothixo" [IiNdumiso 82:1]. Uye [apha] ubhekisa kuBawo kuNyana nakwabo bamkelweyo njengabantwana; kodwa le yiyo iCawa kuba yindlu yamaHlambi kaThixo, leyo uThixo - oko kukuthi uNyana ngokwakhe - ayihlangene ngokwakhe, leyo athetha ngayo kwakhona esithi: "UThixo wothixo, iNkosi ithethile, yaza yabiza umhlaba." [IiNdumiso 50:1]. Ngubani othethwa ngoThixo? Nguye lowo uthe, "UThixo uya kuvela elubala, uThixo wethu, aze angathuli;" [INdumiso 50:3] oko kukuthi, uNyana owazibonakalisa ebantwini, othe, "Ndizibonakalise ngokucacileyo kwabo bangandifuniyo" [Isaya 65:1] . Kodwa ngawaphi oothixo [athetha ngabo]? [Ngabo] abathi kubo, "Ndathi, Ninguothixo, nonke ningoonyana boMninimzi" [INdumiso 82:6]. Ngabo, ngokungathandabuzekiyo, abamkele ubabalo "bokwamkelwa, esithi ngako, Abba, Tata" [Roma 8:15] (Against Heresies, Bk. III, Ch. vi, ANF, Vol. I, pp. 418-419).

 

Akukho mathandabuzo ukuba u-Irenaeus wayenombono wokuthotyelwa kobuThixo kwaye wandisa igama elithi uThixo (njenge-theoi okanye i-elohim) ukuze libandakanye uNyana kunye nabo bakwabizwa ngokuba ngabentlanga. Oku mhlawumbi kuthathwe ubuncinci kuZekariya 12:8. Ubonakala ebonisa apha ukuba uKristu wabutha abakhethiweyo, ngelixa sisazi kwiSibhalo ukuba nguThixo onika abakhethiweyo kuKristu ukuze babuthwe (Yoh. 17: 11-12; Heb. 2:13; 9:15). Ukusetyenziswa kolu gama kuphela kwabanyuliweyo ngokwenyama kusenokungachanekanga ngenxa yendlela u-Irenaeus alusebenzisile ngayo apha. Imiqeshana enyanisekileyo nayo iqukiwe kwindlu-nkulu ngokwokuqonda okukwiSityhilelo 4 no-5. Ngaloo ndlela, Imiqeshana enyanisekileyo ikwayi-Ecclesia kaThixo.

 

Ezi zikhundla ziyaphononongwa kumaphepha ethi Early Theology of the Godhead (No. 127) kunye ne-On Immortality (No. 165). Kubalulekile kananjalo ukuqonda ukuba imfundiso yokungafi kweMphefumlo yayithathwa njengemfundiso engenankolo kwaye engahloniphi uThixo. Le mbono yayibanjelwe kude kwaye kwangoko xa unqulo lweCawa lwaqala ukuphazamisa ecaweni, njengoko kwenzeka kwangoko ngonyaka we-150 CE, ngobungqina bukaJustin Martyr, sasisakwazi ukubona ukuba izimfundiso zobuThixo nokuVuka kwabafileyo zazisisiseko kwaye zingaphazamisekanga. Ngenxa yoko, iSabatha yayingcoliswa phambi kobuThixo nokuVuka kwabafileyo kumanqanaba okuqala. Oku kwakuzakutshintshwa kwisimo esalandelayo sokuba ubuThixo bungcoliswe phambi kwezikhundla ze iSabatha kunye neFundiso ngeMphefumlo.

 

Anders Nygren (Agape and Eros, Tr. by Philip S. Watson, Harper Torchbooks, New York, 1969) wayiqonda ingqikelelo yobomi obungunaphakade ecaweni xa wathi:

ICawa yakudala yahluke kakhulu kwiHellenism ngokukholwa kwayo kuVuko. Isithethe sobuKristu saqinisekisa 'uVuko lwenyama,' nto leyo abaxhasi beCawa ababechasa kuyo imfundiso yobuHellenistic 'yokungafi kwomphefumlo. 'Olu phikiso lwaluyaziwayo kwaye luyenzondelelo, kuba akukho ndawo apho inkcaso yabo kumoya weHellenistic yavakala khona kangaka kubuKristu bokuqala. Imfundiso yobuPlato, yeHellenistic yokungafi kwomphefumlo yabonakala kwii-Apologists njengemfundiso engenatyeo nekuthuka, ekumele ukuba bayihlasele bayitshabalalise ngaphezu kwazo zonke izinto (Justin Dial. lxxx. 3-4)

Isaci sabo kulo mba sisenokuba ngamazwi kaTatian: 'Ayisayi-kuhlala isaphila, Nani maGrike, ngokwayo umphefumlo, kodwa iyafa. Noko ke, kunokwenzeka ukuba ungafi' (Tatian Oratio ad Graecos, xiii. 1).

 

Umahluko phakathi komKrestu nongenguye kulo mbandela wawumkhulu kangangokuba ukholo 'kuVuko lwenyama' lwalunokuba yinto eyayahlula abantu. Umntu okholelwa 'kuKungafi kwomphefumlo' ngaloo nto ubonisa ukuba akangomKrestu.  Njengoko uJustin esitsho: 'Ukuba udibana nabanye ababizwa ngokuba ngamaKristu... abathi akukho kuvuka kwabafileyo, kodwa iimiphefumlo yabo, xa besifa, iyasiwa ezulwini; musa ukucinga ukuba bangamaKristu.' (Dial. lxxx. 4) (ibid., pp. 280-281)

 

Ngaloo ndlela iCawa yayichitha ingqondo yokungafi kwomphefumlo – yayingabalandeli be-Unitarian subordinationist ngokupheleleyo. Abazange bayichithe iTrinity ukuba yayinokuphakanyiswa ngelo xesha, mhlawumbi ngebayigxothile nayiphi na into ekhuthaza loo ngqikelelo okanye i-Ditheism eyayibonakala kwiindawo zamaGnostic. Noko ke, iCawa yayinyamezela kakhulu, ibonisa uluvo lokuba iinkolelo eziphambukileyo zazivunyelwe ukuze kubonakale ukuba ngubani eCaweni owayenesiqinisekiso sikaThixo (1Kor. 11 :19). Oku bakwenza ngokufunda (2Tim. 2:15, bona i-KJV; i-RSV ithi yenza konke okusemandleni akho).

 

Baye babamba nokuba uMthetho oNdala nguSibhalo kwaye uMthetho oMtsha uyawucacisa loo Sibhalo. Babegcina iiNyanga ezintsha neeMibhiyozo kwaye sibona ukuba iPasika yangena kwingxabano kwinkulungwane yesibini xa kwaziswa inkqubo ye-Easter yaza yaqala ukuthatha indawo yePasika koko kwaziwa njengengxabano yamaQuarto-deciman (jonga amaphepha iPasika (No. 098) neeNgxabano zamaQuartodeciman (No. 277) ).

 

Icawe yaqalisa ukuxhatshazwa yaza yafumanisa isezantsi kakhulu kwiMbuso yamaRoma. Ngenxa yoko yayingaphaya kokufikeleleka yiCawe yobuOthodoki de kwaba kukuguquka okuqhubekayo kwamaAryan, okwathe qhubeka de kwaba kwinkulungwane yesibhozo, kwaye nasusukela ekusekweni koMbuso oyiNgcwele wamaRoma ngo-590. Ukuxhatshazwa kokholo kwathatha ixesha elide elibandakanya amandla nolawulo loMbuso oyiNgcwele wamaRoma ukusukela ku-590 ukuya ku-185 0 (jonga iphepha i-General Distribution of the Sabbath-keeping Churches (No. 122)).

 

I-Adventism yaseMelika neeCawa zikaThixo e-USA kule minyaka ingamakhulu amabini idlulileyo ziye zasebenzisa gwenxa imihla yoBukhosi baseRoma Obungcwele nesiprofeto sexesha, amaxesha, kunye nesiqingatha sexesha okanye iintsuku eziyi-1,260. Oku kuqondwa gwenxa kuye kwabakho kakhulu ngenxa yokungazi ngembali yaseYurophu nesiprofeto sobuxoki esizizalisekisayo. Le mpazamo imbi kakhulu yaba nefuthe elikhulu kwisiprofeto sobuxoki somkhankaso wokufika kweNkosi ka-1842-44. Oku kwakhokelela kwenye imfundiso yobuxoki ebizwa ngokuba nguMgwebo wangaphambi kokuFika kweNkosi (jonga iphepha elithi UMgwebo wangaphambi kokuFika kweNkosi (No. 176)).

 

Uphando lweNkolo

Siyazi ngobungqina boPhando lweNkolo ukuba yayithini imfundiso yeCawa kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo okusasazeka kwayo.

 

Singatsho ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba icawa yayibizwa, yinkqubo yamaKatolika, ngamagama ahlukeneyo kwiindawo zayo ezahlukeneyo ukuzama ukufihla isakhiwo esihlangeneyo nesasasazekileyo sezifundiso zayo. Noko ke, imibutho yeCawa kaThixo yayinezimvo ezahlukeneyo malunga nolawulo lwayo kunye nento eyayigxininisa (umz. amaPresbyterian namaEpiscopalian kumaWaldensi aseNtshona). Siyazi ukuba yayibizwa ngokuba ziiCathar okanye iiCathari kwaye ngenxa yoko yaba ngamaPuritan ngesiNgesi. Yayikwabizwa ngokuba ziiBulgar, Khazzar, Vallenses, Albigensian, Waldensian, Sabbatharier, Sabbatati, Insabbatati, Passaginians, phakathi kwezinye. Igama elithi Sabbatharier libonakala liyindibanisela elithetha Abagcini-Sabatha bama-Arian.

 

Siyazi ukuba ukufana kweembono kwakuyaqondwa ngokubanzi kwaye kwakubonakala kulwimi lwasekhaya. Umzekelo, igama elithi 'poor bugger' ngesiNgesi yintetho eqhelekileyo yokubonisa uvelwano kumntu ongenethamsanqa ojongene novavanyo okanye intuthumbo ethile. Oku kudla ngokubhidekisa abantu baseMelika bangexesha langoku kwanabase-Australia, njengoko amagama athi 'bugger' kunye 'ne-buggery' enentsingiselo ethile esemthethweni enxulumene nesodomy. Noko ke, eli gama linomnye umqondiso obonisa ukusetyenziswa kwalo kubakhethwayo ngexesha loPhando lweNkolo (Inquisitions). I-Oxford Universal Dictionary ithi eli gama livela kwi-Middle English lisuka kwisiFrentshi esithi bougre nakwisiLatini esithi Bulgarus okanye Bulgarian, okanye umheresayithi (okanye umbolekisi-mali). Kwakuthathwa ukuba libhekisa kwiiheresayithi, lisetyenziswa ngokukodwa ngabantu base-Albigenses. Le yayiyintsingiselo yalo yokuqala. Inkcazelo yesibini enyelisayo enxulumene nesodomy yaba ligama elisetyenziswe kamva ukusukela ngo-1555 kwaye kubonakala ngathi yayenzelwe ukuthoba isidima seqela elalixhatshazwa kangangamakhulu amathathu eminyaka. Igama elithi pauvre bougre okanye poor bulgar njengoko lalibhekiselele kuma-Albigensian, laye laba ngesiNgesi njenge poor booger. Ukusetyenziswa kwegama elithi bogle okanye boggle kuMntla weNgilani malunga no-1505 akunazizimvo ezicacileyo malunga nemvelaphi yalo kodwa laye laxhunywa kwiziporho kunye ngoko ke yaba ligama elifana nelo likhethekileyo likaSathana (kungoko kubangela amagama anjenge bogieman njl.njl.). Ngokuqinisekileyo eli gama lika poor bugger lavela kwiMfazwe yamaAlbigense. Noko ke, umntu angaxolelwa ukuba ubuza ukuba amaBulgari ayenoxanduva luni namaAlbigense? Impendulo ilula. Iicawa zikaThixo, ukusuka kumahlelo azo kwixesha elaziwa ngokuba lixesha lasePergamum (ISityhilelo 2:12-13) ababizwa ngokuba ngamaPaulician, bangena eYurophu ngenxa yokufuduswa kwabantu phantsi kolawulo lukaConstantine Capronymous noJohn Tsimiskes (jonga iphepha elithi General Distribution of the Sabbath-keeping Churches (No. 122)). Oku kufuduswa eThrace kwasasazeka umaBulgars, kumaSlav aseMzantsi ingakumbi eBosnia, kwakunye naseHungary naseRomania. Basasazeka ngasentshona, baza, ukusukela kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesihlanu, badibana namasalela amaSabbatati asentshona abebizwa ngokuba ngamaVallenses okanye amaWaldensians. Singakwazi ukuxela ngokuqiniseka okuthile ngobubanzi bezimfundiso zabo ukusukela kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithathu kwaye ngokuqiniseka okupheleleyo ukuba amahlelo asempuma, ingakumbi eHungary naseRomania, ayeyintoni ukusukela kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesihlanu ukuya kweyelishumi elinesithoba.

 

Iimfazwe zeAlbigensian

Indlela ezenziwa ngayo Iimfazwe zeAlbigensian zenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithathu ichazwe kuxwebhu oluthi General Distribution of the Sabbath-keeping Churches (No. 122). La maqela ngokungathandabuzekiyo ayengamagcini eSabatha. Umnqweno weCawa yamaRoma Katolika wokufihla le nyaniso ukhokelele kwiimvumbo ezingaqhelekanga malunga nemvelaphi yegama elithi Sabbatati ngokweelwimi. Noko ke, siyazi nokuba babengama-Unitari. Kubhalwe phantsi ukuba babekho phambi konyaka ka-934 xa bekhalazelwa ngu-Atto, umbhishophu waseVireulli, njengoko nabanye babekhe bakhalazelwa ngaphambi kwakhe.

 

Baqala ukubizwa ngokuba ngamaVallenses ngo-1179 ekugxekweni kwabo nguRaymond waseDaventry. Abadala, okanye iibarbes (ootatomkhulu), uBernard kaRaymond noRaymond waseBaimiac bagwetywa njengezinyelisayo nguRaymond waseDaventry ngo-1179 phambi kweBhunga laseLateran, hayi ngenxa yokugcina kwabo uMbumbulu kodwa ngenxa yobu-Unitarian babo. Isincoko esabhalwa ngokuchasene nabo ngo-1180 nguBernard waseFontcaude sathatha i igama elithi Vallenses kwisihloko esithi Adversus Vallenses et Arianos. Ngoko ke, babengabalandeli bokuthobela abangengobathathu-nye. Lo msebenzi wango-1180 ubonakala ngathi uphelile kwinkulungwane yethu, kodwa umsebenzi i-Liber Contra Vallenses owabhalwa ngo-1190 nguBernard waseFontcaude usekho nanamhlanje. AmaVallenses elo xesha abonakala ngathi ngamaUnitariyani kwaye ayebonwa njengahlukile kwiiAriane. Le yimbono echanekileyo kwaye yile iCawa kaThixo eya kuyigxininisa. IiArianism, ngokwamaKatolika kuthiwa ibona uMoya oyiNgcwele njengentsusa yonyana, yahlukile kwiUnitariyani yebhayibhile. Zombini zibonwa njengobuxoki obufanayo okanye obufana ngamaKatolika, abanokuba baye bayila imfundiso yokuba uMoya wadalwa ngunyana, njengoko kungekho ubhalo lokwenyani lolu luvo kwiingxelo ezibhalwe ngu-Arius (jonga kwakhona amaphepha athi Arianism and Semi-Arianism (No. 167) kunye ne-Sociniansim, Arianism and Unitarianism (No. 185)).

 

Ama-Albigensians babengelolonge nje lwama-Vallenses. Ama-Albigensians babohlulwe kabini, ama-Vallenses okanye ama-Waldensians kunye nama-Cathari asekuhlaleni okanye ama-Puritan. Ama-Cathari babenezimvo ezahluke kakhulu neziyizono malunga nokulungileyo nokubi, ezisekelwe kuhlobo lwe-Gnosticism kunye ne-Manichean Dualism. Lo mahluko, phakathi kweminye, wenziwe nguRay Roennfeldt kwithisisi yakhe (Uphononongo Lwembali Lwe-Dualism Yekosmos YobuKristu, iYunivesithi yaseAndrews) (thelekisa nempepha ethi Ukuphila Ngemifuno NeBhayibhile (No. 183) ). Ukukholwa kwakusoloko kuhlaselwa yile ndlela yokwahlula izinto zibe mbini. Apho iCawe yayisekiwe, abaninzi ekuthiwa ngabaguqukileyo phakathi kwamaqela obumonki babesoloko bephuhlisa iimbono ezingaqhelekanga. AmaBogomil ngumzekelo. KumBogomil nakubantu baseBosnia, ukuzila ngokwezenzo zobumonki kwakuhamba neendlela zokwahlula izinto zibe mbini zobuganga kwaye kwazama ukutshitshisa umzimba wonke wokholo. Iimpazamo nazo zivele kumahlelo okuqala amaPaulician. Enye impazamo yayiyeyamaMelchisedekian abadale elinye icandelo elalicwangciswe kakuhle elivelile kwimbono yobuUnitarian. UMelchisedek wayebhekwa njengomlamli weengelosi, waze uKristu wabhekwa njengomlamli wabantu ongaphantsi kwakhe. Imibhalo yamaKatolika ibamba la maqela angamajeli anale mihla ize iwadibanise neCawa yaloo maxesha. Le mibhalo ityhola iCawa ngokuba nale mibono iphosakeleyo, ngaloo ndlela ifihla iimfundiso eziyinyani.

 

Umkhankaso wemfazwe wama-Albigensian uphela wawujoliswe kula maqela omabini yiRoma kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithathu. Ama-Albigensian ayenokhuseleko kumzantsi weFransi phantsi kukaRaymond iNkosana yaseToulouse. AmaVallenses okanye amaSabbatati ayengamaqela amakhulu kwaye asasazeke kakhulu, kwaye afikelela naseSpain. Singakwazi ukuvuselela izimfundiso zamaVallenses sisebenzisa isebe laseSpain lamaSabbatati ngenxa yongquzulwano olukhulu ababujamelene nalo.

 

Uphando lwaseSpain

Uphando lwaseSpain lwalujolise ekususeni kweli lizwe abantu ababebizwa ngokuba ngamaKristu aJudaizayo. Aba babebizwa ngokuba ngamaMarranos (okanye iihagu). Ngokwamagama e-Inquisition kunye neengxelo esinazo, siyazi ukuba abazange bagcine iSabatha kuphela kodwa baphikise neTrinity, bagcine iintsuku ezingcwele, kuquka uSuku loXolelo, kwaye bagcine nemithetho yokutya. UMthetho weNkolo ubonisa iindlela ababekhethwa ngazo abahambi-mgaqo. AmaYuda namaSilamsi nawo afakwa kolu ngcungcutheko kodwa olu ngcungcutheko belungajoliswanga kubo kodwa belujoliswe kwiCawe kaThixo ababeyibiza ngokuba ziiSabbatati, Insabb atati okanye Insabathi. Umthetho ka-Alphonse ukumkani wase-Aragon njl., wokugxotha amaWaldensian okanye ama-Insabbatati eSpeyin unikezelwe kwiphepha lama-20 phepha elithi General Distribution of the Sabbath-keeping Churches (No. 122).

 

UCecil Roth kwincwadi yakhe ethi The Spanish Inquisition, Robert Hale Ltd, eLondon, ngo-1937, wakhupha isilumkiso kwiNtangekazi sokuba imbali iyaziphindaphinda kwaye le ncwadi yayingajoliswanga ekugxekeni ngezinto ebezisenzeka ngelo xesha eYurophu. Izifundiswa zamaYuda zafuna ukuphuhlisa iNkqubo yoPhando yaseSpain njengohlobo lokuxhatshazwa kwamaYuda. Mhlawumbi eyona mpazamo imbi kwezi, nangona iphelele kwaye icokisekile, ngumsebenzi wakutshanje kaB. Netanyahu (Imvelaphi yeNkqubo yoPhando yaseSpain kwiNkulungwane yeShumi elinesihlanu eSpain, Random House, New York, 19 95). UNetanyahu uzama ukweyisela umfundi ukuba umphakathi wamaYuda yayiyinjongo yoPhando lweNkolo, nto leyo ingeyonyani kwaphela, kwaye izifundiswa zihlasele isimo sakhe esidlangalaleni. IiRabi zaloo mxesha zatsho ngokungathandabuzekiyo ukuba babengengamaYuda kodwa bengamaKristu. BebengengamaYuda abazifihla njengamaKristu. Enyanisweni, ibiyiCawa kaThixo.

 

Inani leeTribhinal zeOfisi Engcwele eSpeyin ekugqibeleni lafikelela kwishumi elinesihlanu. Zazikho zinabasebenzi abapheleleyo nezixhobo eBarcelona, Cordova, Cuenca, iGranada, iLlerana, iLogrono, iMadrid, iMurcia, iSantiago, iSeville, iToledo, iValencia, iValladolid neSargossa. Enye eyayijongene neziqithi zaseBalearic yayikwiPalma, eMajorca.Ezona ndawo zazingoyikeka kwaye zisebenza kakhulu yayinguMadrid, Seville naseToledo ngenxa yenani elikhulu lamaKristu Amatsha (njengoko ebabiza uRoth), apho umsebenzi wawungxulubene kakhulu eOld Castille naseAndalusia, waza wehla emva kokuqhambuka kokuqala okugqithisileyo, waba mncinci kakhulu eCatalonia (Roth, ibid., Ch. The Unholy Office, p. 73)

 

Ekugqibeleni yalungelelaniswa ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesihlanu phantsi kolawulo lwebhunga eliphakathi i-El Consejo de la Suprema y General Inquisición ebizwa ngokuba yi-La Suprema, eyayiqala yamiselwa eCastille kuphela. Kunye neeBhunga ezine ezinkulu zeLizwe phantsi koFerdinand no-Isabella, ezizezi iBhunga leLizwe, lezeMali, laseCastille nelaseAragon, iBhunga leNkqubo yoPhando lathatha indawo yalo njengesenye sezinto ezibalulekileyo zokusetyenziswa kwamagunya obukhosi (Roth, ibid., p. 74). Ngo-1647 kwayalelwa ukuba zonke izigwebo zazo zonke iinkundla zihanjiswe kuyo ukuze zilawulwe. Oku kubonakala ngathi ekugqibeleni kwenzelwe ukunqanda ubundlobongela obungenakuchazwa bokuxhatshazwa kwabantu kwingingqi. Obu bundlobongela buphuma kwimpazamo esisiseko yokuqonda. UNetanyahu ukhankanya le mpazamo (The Origins of the Spanish Inquisition in Fifteenth Century Spain, amaphe. 440-459) apho zonke iimpazamo zengqondo zazigwetywa njengobuganga, ngokuchasene nentetho ka-Augustine ethi Ndingaphazama kodwa andingomganga (De Trinitate, c, 3, n. 5-6). UJuan de Torquemada, iNkqukumbeli, wahlasela iinkundla zaseToledo ngenxa yokungahambi kakuhle kwazo okubonakalayo kunye nocalucalulo olukhetha lwamaYuda olungekho eBhayibhileni. Wabona lo mcimbi ukuba ukwinqanaba elinye nelo likaHaman elalichasene noMordekayi namaYuda (ibid., p. 449). Waza wajongana nengxaki yobunjani bukaThixo njengoko babubona abantu baseVallense. AbakwaToledo babesitshilo, njengoko kwakucacile kwenye indawo, njengento eyaziwayo luluntu (publica fama) (kwaye naseValencia njengoko siza kubona) ukuba abahambi-nyaniso, bayasoka, bayaphika ubuthixo bokwenene bukaKristu, bayaphika, ukongeza, ubukho bomzimba wakhe kwi-Eukaristi, njl. (ibid., iphe. 444). AbakwaToledo babengakhange babonise, ngokukaTorquemada, ukuba abo baguqukileyo babengenakubonakaliswa, nokuba ngokuvuma kwabo ngokuzithandela okanye ngengxelo yamangqina angenatyala, ukuba bakhe bathi, emva kokufumana umbhaptizo, ukuba bakholelwa kuyo nayiphi na into ngaphandle koko kukholelwa kuko yiNkosi yeCawe ngokwayo (cf. Netanyahu, iphe. 444). UTorquemada wathi le tyala lobuxoki bububuxoki, bunobuqhophololo kwaye bunobubi, kwaye bubonakalisa ngokwabo ukungabikho kwesizathu sonke eso sivavanyo (ibid., p. 445). Kutheni kufanele kube njalo? Siyazi ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo ukuba amaVallense ayephila i-Unitarianism amakhulu eminyaka. Umahluko wawukubuthixo obuphantsi bukaKristu. Ngoko ke, ubuthixo bukaKristu babungakhanyelwa. Kodwa kwakukho okunye okwakubhetyebhetye apha. UTorquemada wabona ukuba iinkundla zaseToledo zaziyintlobo nje yokuchasa amaYuda nokuba kwakungekho siseko seBhayibhile solu lwabi lwehlabathi. Ngoko ke, kwafuneka aligxeke eli tyala ngamazwi angqongqo angako. Ingxaki ikwakwibali lokuba urhano kunye Ukuphenjelelwa kwandiselwa kwisizukulwana sesine sokuguquka kwabo. Wawuhlasela lo msingi ngokwembono yokuguquka kwamanye amaqela ama-Unitarian, nangoko wakuchaza njengeempazamo zamaManichean phakathi kwabantu baseBosnia. Wajongana nengxaki yokuguquka kosapho lwakumkani ngaphakathi kuBukhosi obuNgcwele baseRoma. UTorquemada uthi:

Ngexesha lethu kwaguquka ukusuka kubuhedeni kwangenaobuKrestu ukumkani odumileyo wasePoland, utata wokumkani wangoku, kunye nenani elikhulu lamadoda asemagunyeni kunye nesihlwele esingenakubalwa [UWladislaw II, owayesakuba nguJagiello, iGrand Duke yaseLithuania, waguquka xa wamiselwa ukuba ngukumkani ngo-1386. Wayengutata kaCasimir IV owakhwela isihlalo sobukhosi ngo-1447]. Kamva, ngexesha likaPopu Eugene IV, ukumkani waseBosnia, iKumkanikazi yakhe, kunye nezinye iinkosana ezininzi bongamvela kubo bobubi bamaManichean [ukumkani uStephanus Thomas wongamvela ubuKatolika ngo-1445] Ukongeza, phantse yonke imihla abaninzi kumaSilamsi bayakholiswa [ngenyaniso yobuKristu]. Kungaba sisikrozo esikhulu kwaye kube yingciba enganyamezelekiyo ukuthi bonke aba bantu kufuneka barhanelwe, ubuncinci kude kube kulesizukulwana sesine, ngobuthixo bezithixo kunye neempazamo ababebuxhasa bona nootata babo ngaxa lithile (Tractatus, amaphe. 54-55; cf. Netanyahu, iphe. 452).

 

UTorquemada wayebhale incwadana echasa iBosnian Bogomilism (Symbolum pro imformatione Manichaeorum, ed. N Lopez Martinez and V Proano Gil, 1958, p. 23, n. 68 and Netanyahu, n. 119). Apha sibona iziphumo zokuxubana kwe-Manichean dualism apho amaPaulician ayeseke ukholo lwe-Unitarian. Icawe ngeli xesha yanyanzeleka ukuba ingene eHerzegovina naseMantla (jonga kwakhona iphepha elithi Ukusasazeka Ngokubanzi KweeCawa Ezigcina iSabatha (No. 122)) Ingxaki icacile, kodwa hayi kuNetanyahu. Ngekhulu le-15, amaVallenses ayesele efihlakele kangangokuba ayephantse abhujiswe ngokupheleleyo ngenxa yokuhlukunyezwa. AmaToledans phakathi kwabanye ayesele egqithisile kwaye engekho mthethweni kangangokuba ayesebenzisa i-Inquisition ukubhubhisa amaSemitic ngokucwangcisiweyo. Oku kwakuya kuthintela indawo yemisebenzi yecawa ekomelezeni umbuso. UTorquemada wajongana nomceli mngeni wokunciphisa ezo zinto zidluleleyo ukuze kubekho intsebenziswano ezinzileyo ngaphakathi kubukhosi, kwaye ukuguqulwa kwenkolo kubonakale kuyinzuzo kwabo babekujoliswe kubo. Ucalucalulo ngokobuhlanga nokubawa kwe-Inquisition kwakubeka esi sikhweziso, kwaye ke ngoko, nokwandisa ubukhosi esichengeni. UTorquemada wayenobukrelekrele obaneleyo bokwazi ukuba isigwebo sembali siza kuba yintoni. Kungoko kwanyanzeleka ukuba ayithintele i-Inquisition. Ekugqibeleni, icawa yayivumela ukuba iqhubeke eminye iminyaka engamakhulu amathathu ichasene kanye neenkqubo nemfundiso eyayikhanyelwa ukubakho kwayo, nto leyo eyagqibela ngokutshabalalisa amandla ayo (jonga uMalachi Martin, Decline and Fall of the Roman Church, Secker and Warburg, London, amaphe. 254 nangaphezulu.).

 

Ubungqina obuvela kwii-Edicts

Ekumiseleni i-Inquisition yommandla, kwalandelwa inkqubo yee-Edicts. Emva kokuba kupapashwe i-Edict yeNceba ekhuthaza abahambi-mfundiso ukuba baphume beze baze bavume, edla ngokuthatha iintsuku ezingamashumi amathathu okanye amashumi amane (Roth, iphe. 75), iNkqubo yoPhando lweNkolo yayiza kucoca loo ndawo. Oku kwabangela inkqubo yokutyhola. Inqanaba elilandelayo yayikukupapashwa rhoqo kweMiyalelo yeNkolo, nto leyo eyanceda ekuchongeni iintlobo okanye iimpawu zezifundiso ezingekho mthethweni, ekwakufuneka zityholwe. Inkqubo yokuVuma ke yayinyanzelisa obu bubi.

 

I-Edict yeNkolo yakhutshwa eValencia ngo-1519 ngu-Andres de Palacio, uMphicothi-nyaniso waseValencia, kwaye yapapashwa nguRoth. Kuyabonakala kule Edict ukuba bekukho uluhlu lwezinto eziyinyani kunye neenkolelo-ze ezazichonga amaqela amathathu abantu. Elokuqala yayingamaKristu awayebambelele kwezo zinto kuthiwa zii-Judaising tendencies. Iqela lesibini yayinguYuda ngokwabo kwaye iqela lesithathu yayinguMamoslem. Kuyacaca kwi-Edict ukuba isono sokholo sasingenele ecaweni ngokwayo njengoko amagama athethwa nge-Eucharist achongwa ngokukodwa njengomkhombandlela wesono sokholo kwi-Edict. Kwakhona uMnqamlezo, okanye uMqondiso woMnqamlezo, yayingasetyenziswa ngamaSabbatati. Ukusuka ekuhlolweni kwe-Edict kubonakala ngathi eli qela lalikhanyela uMphefumlo kunye nezimfundiso zeZulu neSihogo. Lalihlalela iSabatha ukusukela ekutshoneni kwelanga ngoLwesihlanu kude kube ekutshoneni kwelanga ngoMgqibelo, lingenzi msebenzi ngeSabatha. Laliibhiyozela umthendeleko weSonka esingenamvubelo nePasika ngeziqholo ezikrakra. Laliyalila ngosuku loXolelo (Roth, pp. 77 ff.).

 

Iimbono eziphakathi kunye nokuthotyelwa kwamaYuda kwafakwa kuluhlu njengoko kubonisiwe kwi-Edict, ngoko ke iinkqubo zazihamba kunye nto leyo eyenza kwanzima ukwahlula ngokuchanekileyo phakathi kwazo. Babegcina imithetho yokutya kwaye babengcwaba nabafileyo babo ngokwesiko lamaYuda. Inxalenye enkulu ye-Edict iquka iinkolelo-ze ezithiwa zezehlelo (umz. iphe. 78). Bayiphika iMariolatry kwaye oku kwadityaniswa nokuphikiswa kukaMesiya ngamaYuda.

 

Imfundiso yeTransubstantiation yayingamkelwa, njengoko kwakunjalo nendlela yamaKatolika yemfundiso ye-Omnipresence, eyayiyiPlatonic Animism (p. 78). Ababingeleli babonakala bebandakanyekile kwaye babetshixelwa ngenkonzo yokungcwaliswa. AmaKristu ayebonakala enxiba njengamaYuda, ethobela imithetho elawula amalaphu (p. 79). Babedibana kwiicawa zasekhaya kwaye befunda iiBhayibhile ngolwimi lwabo. Ipropati yabahambi bemfundiso yayithathwa yaye oku ngokungathandabuzekiyo kwanceda ukukhuthaza abaPhandi beNkolo.

 

URoth ubhala ngokuvulwa kweOfisi eLisbon phambi kokuba yenziwe iOpera House. Iingxelo ezivela kwababoni-ngqondo (ezashicilelwa kwi-Annual Register ka-1821) zibonisa ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, ukuba kwakukho iintsalela zabantu ezifunyenwe kwiigumbi zokubanjelwa, ezazisasetyenziswa (ngokombhalo okudlindileyo eludongeni lwegumbi lokubanjelwa) kude kube ngunyaka ka-1809. Ezi ziquka amamonki awayenxibe iimpahla zakhe ezifunyenwe phakathi kweentsalela zabantu nezinye ezazilele kumgangatho ngegangatho lwamagumbi okubanjelwa, naphakathi kobungqina bokubulawa kwabantu, obudala nobutsha, obwenziwe apho (Roth, amaphe. 84-85).

 

Ixesha eliphakathi kweminyaka emithathu ukuya kwemine phakathi kokubanjwa nokugwetywa yayiyinto eqhelekileyo kwaye kwisiganeko esinye esirekhodiweyo kwadlula iminyaka elishumi elinesine. Abafazi abakhulelweyo babedutyulelwa emqamweni kwaye ukuxhatshazwa kwamabanjwa, okanye mhlawumbi ukunxulumana nabo, kwakhuthaza uKhadinal Ximenes ngo-1512 ukuba asongele ngokufa nawuphi na igosa elifunyanwa lenza amayelenqe namabanjwa alo. Iindleko zokuvalelwa kwabo zibhatalwa ngumrhanelwa nokuba kuthathe ixesha elingakanani na. Omnye umzekelo weendleko ezenzeka ekubanjweni kweminyaka emine kwenonnahle eSicily, eyakhululwayo ngo-1703, zazisaselukhokelwa ngabazukulwana bakhe kude kube ngunyaka ka-1872 (Roth, p. 87). Ngokuqhelekileyo iimpahla zazithathwa ngexesha lokubanjwa.

 

AmaMarranos okanye amaKristu Amatsha ayengamkelwa njengamagqabaza kulo naluphi na uthotho lwenkundla. Ukugcinwa kweamagama amangqina kwaziswa ngekhulu le-13 ngokubonakalayo ukukhusela ababuthathaka kwabo banamandla abatyholwayo, kodwa oku kwaba yinto eqhelekileyo kwaye akukho mntu wayenokufumanisa amagama abo babemtyhola. (URoth ubonisa ngokuchanekileyo ukuba kude kube ngowe-1836 eNgilani, amagqwirha atyholwayo ayengavumelekanga ukuba abe namagqwetha okanye abone iikopi zeengxelo ezazinikwe ngokuchasene nawo.) Ixesha ngokwalo lalingalolwabantu kwaye i-Inquisition yayiyeyona nto imbi kakhulu kuloo zinto zingalolwabantu.

 

Uphando lwamaKatolika lwaseYurophu lwaqala emazantsi eFransi kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithathu lwaza lwaphela kwiiLizwe zikaPopu ngo-1846. Phakathi ko-1823 no-1846, abantu abangama-200,000 kwiiLizwe zikaPopu kuphela bagwetyelwa ukufa, ukuvalelwa entolongweni ubomi bonke, ukugxothwa okanye ukusetyenziselwa imikhumbi yamabanjwa, ngelixa abanye abazizigidi ezi-1.5 babekwa phantsi kweliso elibukhali (jonga uMalachi Martin, Ukwehla Nokuwa kweCawa yamaRoma, iphe. 254, kunye nempapashwa Esasazwa Jikelele yeeCawa eziGcina uMgqibelo (No. 122), iphe. 29 ukufumana iingcaphulo). URoth ucaphula ukuphelelwa lithemba kwabantu kwasekuqaleni kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithathu kumazantsi eFransi.

 

Ndiphulaphuleni, tinyenzulu zam! Andingomkholwa-mkhokholo: kuba ndinomfazi, ndihlala naye kwaye sinabantwana; kwaye nditya inyama, ndilala, ndifunga, kwaye ndingumKrestu othembekileyo (Roth, iphe. 90).

 

Oku kuphikiswa kwezinto zokuzila inyama nokuzila ukutya inyama kwakuyimfuneko kuba amaManichaean dualists, aziwa njengamaCathari okanye amaPuritani, awayefuna ukucocwa ngokuzila inyama, yayiyinkolo yobugandaganda eyathi ekugqibeleni yazisa ukuhlukunyezwa kwamaVallenses okanye amaSabbatati. AmaManichaean dualists ayohlukile kwamaVallenses kwaye lo ngumahluko phakathi kwamaCathar namaVallenses owamkelwayo kodwa wachongwa ngokungachanekanga nguWeber. Imithetho yebhayibhile yayigcinwa rhoqo ngamaSabbatati. Inkonzo yabo yayisenzeka ngasese ngoko ke kunzima ukuyichaza ngokuchanekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, siyazi ukuba babezigcina iSabatha kwaye ububanzi benkonzo yabo buqondwa ngamasebe asempuma amaSabbatati.

 

AmaSabbatati aseMpuma Yurophu

Siyazi ngokuchanekileyo ukuba yayiyintoni imfundiso yeecawa zaseHungary naseTransylvania ukusukela kwinkulungwane ye-15 ukuya kweye-19 Esi sibhalo sagcinwa nguGqr. Samuel Kohn, iRabhi eyiNtloko yaseBudapest, eHungary, kwincwadi ethi DIE SABBATHARIER IN SIEBENBURGEN Ihre Geschicte, Literatur, und Dogmatik, Budapest, Verlag von Singer & Wolfer, 1894, Leipzig, Verlag von Franz Wagner. Ezi ngongoma zidweliswe kwiphepha elithi General Distribution of the Sabbath-keeping Churches (No. 122) kumaphepha 22 nangaphezulu.). Yonke le ngqokelela idweliswe kwincwadi ethi The Sabbatarians in Transylvania, ebhalwe nguSamuel Kohn, iguqulelwe nguT. McElwain noB. Rook, yahlelwa nguW. Cox, CCG Publishing, USA 1998.

 

Siyazi ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba esi siqwenga samaVallenses okanye amaSabbatati sasingamaUnitarian kuba uFrances David okanye uDavidis wasweleka entolongweni ngo-1579. UKohn uthi babuyisela ubuKristu bokwenyani nobuqobo (Kohn, p. 8). Icawa yamaUnitarian yahlukana yaba ngababingeleli beCawa nabeSabatha ngo-1579. Isiqwenga seSabatha phantsi ko-Eossi sasinyanisekile ngakumbi enyanini .

1.   Babezibhiyozela umbhaptizo wabantu abadala.

2.   Babezigcina iiSabatha neeNtsuku eziNgcwele, kuquka iPasika, iSonka Esingenontsongo, iPentekoste, uXolelo lwezono, iiNdawo zokuhlala neSuku lokuGqibela eliNkulu kwaye, okona kubaluleke kakhulu, iiNyanga eziNtsha. iTrompi ayidweliswanga yodwa kwincwadi yezibongo kwaye kubonakala ngathi ibibhiyozelwa kunye nezibongo zeNyanga eNtsha.

3.   Izimfundiso zabo zazibandakanya iNkulungwane yokuqala yeminyaka eyi-1,000 ekuqaleni kwayo uKristu uya kubuya aze aphinde ahlanganise uYuda noSirayeli.

4.   Babe besebenzisa ikhalenda kaThixo esekelwe kwiNyanga Ezintsha.

5.   Babe befundisa ukuvuka kwabafileyo okubini, okunye kubomi obungunaphakade ekubuyeni kukaKristu nolunye kusigwebo ekupheleni kweNgxilimbela.

6.   Babe befundisa usindiso ngobabalo kodwa imithetho kwakusafuneka igcinwe.

7.   Babe bekholelwa ukuba uThixo ubiza abantu kwaye ihlabathi ngokubanzi lityhafisiwe.

8.   Imfundiso yabo ngoKristu yayingeyunitarian ngokupheleleyo yobuntlandlolo.

(Jonga iphepha elithi General Distribution of the Sabbath-keeping Churches (No. 122), p. 22.)

 

Ngoko ke, kuyabonakala ukuba iCawe yokuqala yeSabatha yayiyeyunitarian, igcina imithetho yeTestamente eNdala. ISabatha yayiyinxalenye nje yenkqubo yabo yokholo eyayikhomba kwinkcwazo koThixo omnye wonyaniso. Baxhatshazwa eMpuma Yurophu ngenxa yeUnitarianism yabo ngaphezu kokugcina kwabo iSabatha (uFrancis Davidis wakhetha ukuhlala entolongweni, apho wafa khona, kunokuba athobe ukholo lweUnitarian, nangona uSocinus, naye enguUnitarian, wazama ukumcenga ukuba alungise iUnitarianism yakhe engqongqo ukuze asindise ubomi bakhe). Baweniwa isidima secawa ngexesha apho kwanamaYuda ayephathwa njengamacawa. Babenqatshelwe ukufikelela koomatshini bokushicilela, ngoko ke babenqumla iintshumayelo zabo ngesandla ngendlela yamabhalwana adityaniswayo. I-Inquisition yayingenalusini ekucinezeleni le nkqubo, kwaye entshona ukugcina iSabatha kuphela kwakwanele ukuba babulawe.

 

Ukukhula kobu-Unitarian

Ngentengiso, ubu-Unitarian baqala ukukhula kwaye babungagqibezelanga kubagcini beSabatha kuphela. Ngamanye amazwi, ayingabo bonke abantu abangama-Unitarian ababengamalungu okwenene eeCawa zikaThixo, kanye njengokuba kungengabo bonke abagcini beSabatha ababengamalungu okwenene.

 

Igama elithi Unitarianism ligama lesiNgesi elisuka kwigama lesiLatini elithi unitarius kwaye laqala ukusetyenziswa ngokumalunga nonqulo olusemthethweni ngonyaka ka-1600 (Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics (ERE), art. 'Unitarianism,' Vol. 12, p. 519). Isekelwe ngokukodwa kwingqiqo yobuntu obunye boThixo, ngokungafaniyo nenkolo eqhelekileyo yendalo yaKhe enobuthathu. Igama elihambelanayo elithi iTrinitarian laqala ukusetyenziswa ngokwentsingiselo yanamhlanje nguServetus ngo-1546 (ibid.). Isibizo esithi iUnitarian ngamanye amaxesha besisetyenziswa nangaphaya kwemida yobuKrestu (umz. ubuSilamsi nobuYuda nazo ziyi-Unitarian kwisiseko sazo).

 

Umbhalo wesiGrike weTestamente eNtsha wapapashwa ngu-Erasmus (1516).

Ukungabandakanyi kwakhe ivesi edumileyo yobuThathu-bobunye, [1Yoh. 5:7], kunye nokuchasa kwakhe iindlela zempikiswano zezifundiswa kwaba nefuthe elibonakalayo kwiingqondo ezininzi (ERE, ibid.).

 

Ukupapashwa kweTestamente eNtsha ngu-Erasmus kwakhuthaza abantu abanesiphiwo kwisiGrike ukuba baqalise ukuhlola iziseko eyayisekwe kuzo iTrinitarianism yesiqhelo. Okubaluleke nangakumbi, abantu baseYurophu babe bekhululekile ukuba bavuleke ngakumbi kwaye i-Inquisition yancitshiswa. Izifundiswa zaqalisa ukubona ukuba iBhayibhile yayingeyiyo yeTrinitarian kwaye eneneni yayixhasa iUnitarianism. Inyathelo lokuqala kumsebenzi oshicilelweyo osemthethweni ochasene neTrinitarianism eKontinente (ngokungafaniyo nezifundo zeecawa phambi koHlaziyo lweCawa kunye umatshini wokushicilela) lwafunyanwa kwimisebenzi kaMartin Cellarius (1499-1564), umfundi kaReuchlin nomlandeli wokuqala nomhlobo kaLuther (ERE, ibid., amaphe. 519-520). Kwincwadi yakhe ethi de Operibus Dei usebenzisa igama elithi deus elibhekiselele kuKristu ngendlela efanayo abangabizwa ngayo namaKristu ngokuba yi-deoi 'oonyana boPhezukonke' (ibid.). Isalathiso sephepha i-Early Theology of the Godhead (No. 127) iza kubonisa ukuba le ngqikelelo ivela ngqo ku-Irenaeus nakubafundi bokuqala babapostile kunye nabapostile ngokwabo. Oku kwabangela ingxokozelo enkulu kwaye uluntu lwezemfundo lwanamhlanje lwangenela kwingxoxo-mpikiswano elandela umsebenzi kaServitus ngo-1531. ENaples, umSpanyane uJohn Valdes waqalisa iqela lonqulo lokufunda iZibhalo de wasweleka ngo-1541 (ERE, ibid., p. 520). Qaphela apha igama elinguValdes. Lo mntu ubonakala enguMwaldensi waseSpain ngenxa yegama lakhe kunye nefundiso yakhe ngenkolo (jonga kwakhona iphepha elithi General Distribution of the Sabbath-keeping Churches (No. 122)). Ngo-1539 uMelancthon walumkisa iNdlu yeeNgwevu yaseVenice ngokunwenwa kweServetianism eMntla Melika (ibid.). Kulo mbutho uBernard Ochino (1487-1565) waseSiena wadlula kancinci eSwitzerland waya eLondon waza wasebenza njengomnye weCawa yabaHleli (1550-1553) de yaphazanyiswa nguKumkanikazi uMary kumzamo wakhe wokubuyisela ubuKatolika. U-Ochino wanyanzelwa ukuba aye eZurich waza wafudukela ePoland, eyadibana nabachasi beTrinitariyane apho. UCatherine Vogel, umfazi womthengisi wezacholo, wayesele etshiswe eneminyaka engama-80 ngo-1539 eCracow ngenxa yokukholelwa ku 'ubukho boThixo omnye, umdali walo lonke ihlabathi elibonakalayo nelingabonakaliyo, ongenakucingwa ngengqondo yomntu' (ibid.). Eli qela lalingumsebenzi eYurophu ngamaxesha esiwazi njengexesha lamaThiyatira. Iqela elichasene neTrinitariyane laqala ukuvela nakwisindodi yesibini yeCawa ehlaziyiweyo ngo-1556, yaye ngo-1558, uGeorge Blandrata wasePiedmont waba yintloko yalo. Ama-Anabaptist aseDatshi nawo ayengama-Unitarian phantsi kukaDavid Joris waseDelft (1501-1556). Aba maUnitari babebizwa ngokungaqhelekanga ngokuba ngamaProtestanti. I-ERE ithi:

Amakhulu amawaka amaProtestanti avela eJamani, e-Alsace nakwiiLow Countries, afudukela eNgilani ngexesha lolawulo lukaHenry VIII, kwaye iCawe yabaSele ngaphandle phantsi kuka-Edward VI yayikwanabantu baseFransi, baseWalloon, base-Itali, nabaseSpain (ERE, ibid., p. 520).

 

Aba bantu bafumana indawo yokukhusela eNgilani ngoncedo lweCawa yamaUnitarian apho. Le yayiyiyo iCawa yokwenene kaThixo. INgilani yayisele ivuleleke ngakumbi ekubeni abantu bavakalise izimvo zabo esidlangalaleni ukususela kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesihlanu ngenxa yezinto ezazipapashwa nguRichard Peacock, umbhishophu waseChichester. AmaLollard namaAnabaptist ayahlukana ngeli xesha.

Ngomhla wama-28 kuDisemba 1548, umbingeleli ogama linguJohn Assheton wazichitha phambi kukaCranmer 'iimfundiso ezithukekayo' zokuba 'uMoya oyiNgcwele asingoThixo, kodwa ulamandla athile kaYise kuphela,' nokuba 'uYesu Kristu owakhulelwa nguMariya oyiNkosazana wayengumprofeti ongcwele ... kodwa wayengenguye uThixo wokwenene noPhilayo' . Ngo-Epreli olandelayo kwamiselwa ikhomishini yokukhangela bonke abangu-Anabaptists, abahambi-mfundiso, okanye abanyelisi beMithandazo eManyeneyo. Inani labarhwebi baseLondon labizwa phambi kweli qumrhu ngoMeyi (ERE, ibid.).

 

Babeyi-Unitarian. I-Binarytism okanye i-Ditheism zazingekho ngeli xesha leCawa nakwiinkcinezelo zayo. Yayingeyonfundiso. Ugqirha wotyando uGeorge van Parris waseMainz wabulawa ngo-1551 ngokuthi uThixo uYise nguye kuphela uThixo kwaye uKristu wayengenguye uThixo wokwenene (ERE, op. cit.). Intshukumo yamaUnitariyani ePoland xa uBlandrata wafika apho ngo-1558 yayisele ingene kwisinodi yamaProtestanti kodwa yagxothwa emva kweminyaka esixhenxe. Balaqhaba ukubizwa ngalo naliphi na igama elingelilo elamaKristu (ERE, ibid.). UFaustus Socinus (1539-1604), umtshana kaLelius Socinus (1525-1562) waseSiena owayengumhlobo kaCalvin noMelancthon, watyelela iNgilani waza wahamba waya ePoland. Watyelela uBlandrata eTransylvania ngo-1578 exoxa noFrancis David owayelahla zonke iindlela zokunqula ezazibhekiswe kuKristu. Wahlala ePoland ngo-1579. AmaSocinian athiywe ngegama lakhe. Noko ke, babekho kudala ngaphambi kwakhe apho, beyinxalenye yeCawa esiyazi njengeWaldensian. Lo mba wawuxoxwe kuxwebhu oluthi Sociniansim, Arianism and Unitarianism (No. 185)).

 

ICawa yamaUnitarian yasePoland yaxhatshazwa de yaphela yiCawa yamaKatolika (bona ERE, op. cit.) USocinus wavuma ukusetyenziswa kwegama elithi uThixo kuKristu ngendlela ephantsi. Enyanisweni, le ndlela yayisetyenziswa ngu-Irenaeus njengoko sibona kuxwebhu oluthi Early Theology of the Godhead (No. 127).

 

UFrancis David (okanye uDavidis) weCawa zaseHungary eTransylvania wavalelwa entolongweni yaseDeva ngenxa yokwala umthandazo, okanye nawuphi na umqulu, kuKristu. Wasweleka apho ngoNovemba 1579. Siyazi kwimbali ebhalwe kakuhle yabalandeli bakhe, ukuqala ku-Eossi, ukuba babengengabo maUnitarius kuphela kodwa babegcina neSabatha, iNyanga eziNtsha neeNtsuku eziNgcwele. IFeast yeeNtsimbi yayibhiyozelwa kwincwadi yengoma njengeNyanga eNtsha kwaye iingoma zeNyanga eNtsha zazixhaphakile kunokuba kubekho iingoma ezikhethekileyo zeNtsimbi njengefeast (jonga iphepha elithi General Distribution of the Sabbath-keeping Churches (No. 122)).

 

Igama elithi Unitarius laqala ukusetyenziswa njengelithi nguMelius laza laqala ukuvela kuxwebhu kumyalelo weSinodi yaseLecsfalva ngo-1600. Lathathwa ngokusesikweni yiCawa ngo-1638. Iicawa zaseHungary zaxhatshazwa kangangeenkulungwane ezimbini emva koku kwaye iimpahla zazo zathathwa. Ekuqaleni kwale nkulungwane iinzala zabo zazinecawa ezili-140 phakathi kwamaSzekler aseTransylvania kunye nezimbalwa eHungary. Incwadi yabo yeengoma ka-1865 yayingenalungiselelo lonqulo lukaKristu (ERE, ibid.). Isalathana sokwenyani nesinyanisekileyo seCawa esisele ngoku ngamaTranscarpathians abasengabagcini beSabatha abangamaUnitarian.

 

Ukukhula kobu-Unitarian eNgilani kwavela kumnqweno wokubuyisela ukholo oluchanekileyo lwabapostile. Kwakucacile kwiingqondi zaseNgilani eziphambili ukuba iTestamente eNtsha yayingeyoyobuThathu-bobunye kodwa yeyobu-Unitarian kwaye la madoda ababekhokelayo aqalisa ukuseka iimfundiso zantlandlolo zeCawa. Ukuqala mhlawumbi kwavela kuRichard Hooker (1553-1600) noJohn Hales (1584-1656). Ukubekwa kwesichazi-magama seemfihlakalo zobuThixo kwiSibhalo kuphela kwaba yindaba engundoqo. Imisebenzi kaWilliam Chillingworth (1602-1644) isembindini walo mcimbi. UChillingworth wafumana impembelelo yakhe kuNkosi uFalkland, owayengoyena mlandeli ubalaseleyo wobu-Unitarian. Imisebenzi kaGrotius ithe cwaka ngendalo kaThixo ongummathathu, kwaye (ngokukaStephen Nye kwiNcwadi yakhe yembali emfutshane yama-Unitarian akwabizwa ngokuba ngama-Socinian, London, 1687) uthi wazitolika iimveliso zakhe ngokwemigangatho yobu-Unitarian okanye ngokweengqondo zamaSosiniani (ERE, p. 522).

 

UPaul Best (1590-1657) waguquka kwinkolo yakhe kuhambo lwakhe oluya ePoland. UMilton wayekwachaphazeleka ngamaUnitari aseTransylvania (jonga i-Aereopagitica, eLondon, 1644 – kuphawulwe kwi-ERE, ibid.). IiNkomfa zaseCanterbury naseYork ngoJuni 1640 zavalela ukungeniswa kweencwadi zamaUnitari (amaSocinian) kwaye iPalamente yenza ukuphika iThathu-ntlobo kube lulwaphulo-mthetho olufanele ukufa ngo-1648. Nangona kunjalo, uJohn Biddle (1616-1662) , ohlala ebizwa ngokuba nguyise we-Unitarianism yaseNgilani, wapapasha i-A Twofold Scripture Catechism ngo-1654. I-Unitarianism yaba yinto eqhelekileyo kakhulu eNgilani ngekhulu le-17. UNjingalwazi Bronowski, kuthotho lweTV i-The Ascent of Man, uye wathi uHlaziyo loShishino lwalusisiphumo sabacingi be-Unitarian. Nangona wavalelwa entolongweni waza waphoswa kwiziqithi zaseScilly (1654-1658), uBiddle wafumana abalandeli. Ukufa kukaBiddle ngo-1662 kunye noMthetho woMlinganiselo (Act of Uniformity) kwakuthintela eli qela ukuba libe ngumbutho wonqulo. Noko ke, iimfuno zenjongo ethe ngqo yeZibhalo zakhokelela kubo bonke abacingi abakhulu baloo mihla ukuba baluchithe ubuThathu-bobunye. Oku kwabandakanya uMilton. UThomas Firmin (1632-1697), umthengisi weelaphu osisityebi, wakhuthaza uncwadi ukusukela ngo-1691-1705. IPalamente yazama ukulucinezela. Noko ke, iifilosofa ezinkulu zangena kulo mmandla ngohlobo lukaJohn Locke (1632-1704) . USir Isaac Newton naye wayelandele uMilton waya kwi-Unitarianism emva kokuhlola iiNtshumayelo. Aba bacingi babukhulu balandwa nguWilliam Whiston (1672-1752) owathatha indawo kaNewton eCambridge, njengonjingalwazi weLucasian ngo-1703 waza waxhwathwa isikhundla sakhe ngo-1710 ngenxa ye-Unitarianism yakhe. USamuel Clarke (1675-1729) umsebenzi wakhe obizwa ngokuba yi-The Scripture Doctrine of the Trinity nawo waba negalelo elikhulu ekutyhileni le ngxaki. Inkcaso malunga nokuba uNyana ungunaphakade kunoBawo yavezwa apha okokuqala, nto leyo eyazisa imbono ephantse ibe yeyobu-Bini. Xa iManchester Academy (kamva yaba yiManchester College Oxford) yavulwa ngo-1786, umphathi wayo wokuqala waye nguThomas Barnes owayengu-Unitarian.

 

IPresbyterian College eCarmarthen yayingumqhubi wothotho lwee-akhademi, eyokuqala kuzo yasekwa nguSamuel Jones owayekhe waba ligqala laseJesus College Oxford kwaye engomnye wababhishophu abangama-2,000 abagxothwayo ngo-1662 (ERE, p. 523).

 

Ezinye ii-Unitarians yayinguJoseph Priestly (1733-1804). Umhlobo kaPriestly, uTheophilus Lindsey (1723-1808), umvikari waseCatterick on the Tees, warhoxa esikhundleni sakhe emva kokusilela kwesicelo sePalamente waza wavula itempile yama-Unitarian e-Essex Street, eStrand ngo-1774. Le yayiyitempile yokuqala evulelekileyo iminyaka emininzi – mhlawumbi ukusukela ekucinezelweni kweCawa yamaStrangers.

 

Yayisebenzisa iinkonzo zama-Anglican ezilungiselelwe ukunqula uYise kuphela. Ukutyunjwa kukaThomas Belsham (1750 -1829) ngo-1789 kwisikhundla sobutitshala bezifundo zenkolo kwikholeji eseHackney, waphakamisa umba wobuUnitarian ngokuvula nje iZibhalo ukuze zifundwe. Oku kwenziwa ngeNgingqi yobuUnitarian yokuKhuthaza ulwazi lobuKrestu nokuZiphatha okuhle ngokuSasaza iiNcwadi. U-Lindsey, u-Priestly no-Belsham babengabakhokeli bayo. Ngo-1813 ukurhoxiswa, ngemizamo kaWilliam Smith (1756 -1835) owayelilungu lePalamente laseNorwich notat'omkhulu kaFlorence Nightingale, wokurhoxiswa kwamacandelo oMthetho Wokunyamezelana awayewenza umsebenzi wokuba ngumUnitarian ungumthetho, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba iUnitarianism iqhubele phambili. IUnitarianism yaba bantu yayiphikisa kwakhona iFundiso yoMphefumlo (jonga kwi-ERE, iphe. 524). UThomas Southwood Smith (1788-1861) naye wafaka iimbono zakhe zeUnitarian kuByron, uMoore, uWordsworth noCrabbe.

 

Iimbono zikaSmith zazisele zivakaliswe ngomnye wababhishozana bakaCromwell kwangaphambili (ERE, ibid.). Amadabi asemthethweni enkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo abona utshintsho kwindawo yezibambiso zeCawa emthethweni, nto leyo eyaba negalelo elikhulu kwindlela amabandla amaUnitarian azilungelelanisa ngayo.

 

I-Unitarianism yanamhlanje efana naleyo yayiphuhliswa nguJames Martineau (1805-1900) kunye nesikolo sanamhlanje iyayichitha inkqubo kaYesu Kristu njengoMhlanguli kwaye ayisekelwanga ngokupheleleyo eBhayibhileni kodwa ikwasekelwe kwinkcazelo yeBhayibhile ngengqiqo. Ingcaciso yakhe yokwakhiwa ngokutsha kweTübingen ngemvelaphi yobuKrestu, eyapapashwa kwi-Westminster Review kwaye kubhekiselwe kuyo kwi-ERE (p. 525), ibalulekile, njengoko kubalulekile nokuzithethelela kwakhe ngokwefilosofi ngobudlelwane phakathi komoya womntu noThixo. I-Unitarianism enguqulelo (Radical Unitarianism) ngokungachanekanga izama ukuphika ubukho bukaKristu phambi kokuba enziwe umntu.

 

UJohn James Tayler (1797-1869) wenza ingxoxo yokuqala esemthethweni ngombuzo weYohane eNgilani kwincwadi yakhe ethi Attempt to ascertain the character of the Fourth Gospel (London, 1867). Uthotho olude lwezifundiswa belucele ukuba kuphinde kujongwe umbhalo kunye neTestamente eNtsha kwaye uGeorge Vance Smith wamenywa ukuba azibandakanye nabahleli beBhayibhile (Bible Revisers). (1870). Isifundiswa se-Unitarian uJames Drummond (1835-1918) wayengumfundisi wezakwalizwi ofundileyo owabhala imisebenzi ebalulekileyo nge-The Jewish Messiah (1877), uPhilo Judaeus (1888) kunye ne-Inquiry into the Character and Authorship of the Fourth Gospel (1903). UJohn Relly Beard (1800-1876) wakhokelela kwizichazi-magama zangoku zeBhayibhile ngeSichazi-magama saBantu seBhayibhile sakhe. Ezinye ii-Unitarian ezibalulekileyo yayingu-Edgar Taylor, Samuel Sharpe, H A Bright, William Rathbone Greg, Francis William Newman, Frances Power Cobbe, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Theodore Parker kunye no-Max Müller. I-ERE ikwabonelela ngolwazi ngeeCawa nengcaciso yazo. Abanye babacingi abakhulu bexesha langoku, xa bexilonga iBhayibhile ngenjongo yayo bekhululekile kwinkolo yamaGrike yase-Alexand zizikolo zase-Alexandri naseCappadocia, baye bamkela i-Unitarianism njengenkqubo yeBhayibhile yokuqala.

 

Intshukumo yamaBhaptizi osuku lwesixhenxe

Ama-Unitarian aseSabatha aqala ukubonakala eNgilani ngekhulu le-17, nangona abanye bebona ukuqhubeka kwembali ukusukela kumaxesha amandulo kakhulu. Isifundiswa seBhayibhile sasisisiseko somkhankaso wamaTraskite owakhokelwa nguJohn Traske malunga no-1616 eLondon. UHamlet Jackson walizisa iSabatha kweli qela ngokufunda iBhayibhile. Ingcaciso enguqulelo-ntetho yeSibhalo yakhokelela eli qela lamaPuritan kwimithetho yokutya yamaLevi kananjalo. Kucingelwa ukuba abalandeli bakhe benza umongo yecawa yamaBhaptizi aseMill Yard abagcini beSabatha, ngelixa abanye bebonke imvelaphi yayo kwiintshukumo zangaphambili. Le cawa yaziwa kakhulu ngo-1661 ngenxa yobushumayeli boBukumkani baseSihlanu bukaJohn James, owabulawa ngenxa yobungcatshi. Le cawa yayiphenjelelwe kungekuphela yisindaga samaYuda e-Amsterdam, kodwa yintshukumo edumileyo yomGihali kaSabbetai Zwi. Le cawa, njengeeBhaptizi ezininzi ngokubanzi zaloo maxesha, yayiyi-Unitarian ngokupheleleyo njengoko kubonakaliswe ngababhali abanjengo uEdward Elwall ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1700. Ikhalenda yebhayibhile nokubhiyozelwa kwePasika ngomhla we-14 kuNisan kusaqhubeka nanamhlanje, nangona ngokufa kukaMfundisi uAlbourne Peat ubungqina be-Unitarian buqalile ukuncipha (ukusukela ngo-1992).

 

Nangona ubungqina beembali bungabikho, kunokwenzeka ukuba uninzi, ukuba asizizo zonke, zezinye iicawa zokuqala zamaBhaptizi boSuku lweSixhenxe eNgilani nazo beziyi-Unitarian. Owokuqala ongumahluko ocacileyo yayiyiPinner' yasePinner's Hall eyasekwa nguFrances Bampfield ngo-1676. Le cawa yayineembono zeCalvinism, kwaye nangona uBampfield wayengenguye kanye umNqulathethwini kwiimbono zakhe, ngokuqinisekileyo wayengenguye uMUnitari. Ukudityaniswa kweeParticular neeGeneral Baptists kudide isihloko semvelaphi yobuUnitari yeeSabbatarian Baptists. Abanqulathethwini bebesoloko bekhuthala ngakumbi ekukhupheni iingxelo zenkolo, ngoko ke amaxwebhu akabonisi ukuzingisa kwesikhundla sobuUnitari . Ama-Unitarian ebesoloko engazihoyi izibhengezo zenkolo ngokuzolileyo. Enyanisweni, iMill Yard nanamhlanje ayamkeli nto ingezizo iMiyalelo eliShumi kongezwe nemibhalo embalwa exhasa yeTestamente eNtsha (Seventh Day Baptists in Europe and America, Vol. 1, American Sabbath Tract Society, Plainfield, New Jersey, 1910, amaph. 25-113).

 

Le yeyona mpazamo iphambili okanye esisiseko yenkolo yamaBaptista osuku lwesixhenxe. Ngenxa yokusilela kwabo ukukhupha iingxelo ezineenkcukacha zenkolo, abakwazanga ukupapasha iingxelo ezicacileyo ngokwaneleyo. Ngaloo ndlela, iingxelo ezineenkcukacha nezasasazekayo zazingekho ngenxa yoku. Batshona ekusebenziseni ngokupheleleyo inkululeko yabo yenkolo nokuphuhlisa imfundiso esempilweni ngemigaqo yenkolo ngemvelo kaThixo.

 

Ubunye noGcino-Sabatha

I-Unitarianism yasekuqaleni, phantse ngaphandle kwemiba embalwa, yayihamba nokugcinwa kweSabatha njengoko zombini zazisuka ekutolikeni iBhayibhile ngokwezibhalo. I-Trinitarianism ayizange ihambe nokugcinwa kweSabatha kude kube nguHlaziyo lweCawa. Emva koHlaziyo lweCawa kwaba yinyani ukuba abanye abagcini beSabatha yayingamaTrinitarian kwaye abanye abangamaUnitarian yayingabagcini beCawa yaseCanzweni nangona kungekho njengomgaqo. I-Unitarianism yanamhlanje egcina iCawa yaseCanzweni iyaphambuka njengayo nayiphi na enye inkqubo yeCawa yaseCanzweni.

 

E-Asiya

Amava eSabatha e-Asiya ayengawona maTrinitari de amaJesuita aqalisa umsebenzi wawo wobuthunywa. Abanestori, kunye nabathunywa base-Afrika (jonga iphepha elithi General Distribution of the Sabbath-keeping Churches (No. 122)) balandela icawa yokuqala baya ePersi, eIndiya kwaza emva koko yaya eTshayina. Ukugcina iSabatha ngamaUnitarian yayisisisongelo esikhulu kubuBhuda kwaye kwalelwa bubuBhuda. Iicawa ezigcina iSabatha e-Asiya, njengomgaqo, zazingengowamaTrinitarian. Zazigcina imithetho yokutya kwaye zaphikisa nokuvuma izono ne-purgatory. Uwahlulo lwezi cawa lwalulandela, ubukhulu becala, kwiindibano zeConstantinople neChalcedon.

 

AmaTshayina kudala ebesele enamava ngenkqubo yobuKrestu kwaye, njengakwezinye iindawo, iSabatha yayiluphawu lokutolika iBhayibhile ngokwentetho yayo. Ngo-781 yayisele izinzile kakuhle (jonga iphepha elithi General Distribution of the Sabbath-keeping Churches (No. 122)). Ukugcina iSabatha kwakusaphila kwaye kusempilweni eTshayina ekuqaleni koVukelo lwaseTaiping luka-1850 (ibid.).

 

Amava ase-USA

Iicawa zikaThixo ezigcina uMbhidiso e-USA zibhalwe kakuhle kwaye azizukuthethwa apha. Iicawa zikaThixo zikhule kwinkqubo yeecawa zaseNgilani ngempembelelo yaseYurophu.

 

Ubhu-Adventista weSuku lesiBhozo

Intshukumo yama-Adventista eSuku lesiBhozo yayingun-Unitarian ubukhulu becala kwaye ngokusesikweni de kwangowe-1931 ekufeni kuka-Uriah Smith. (I-Wikipedia iyirekhoda njengomhla wesi-6 Matshi 1903 (eneminyaka engama-70 ubudala), eBattle Creek, eMichigan, eUnited States.) Kodwa ukwamkelwa ngokusesikweni kwathatha ixesha ukufika kwaye kwaqala kubulungiseleli. Abacingi be-Adventist Unitarian yayinguJames White, R. F. Cottrell Snr noJnr, D. T. Bordeau de warhoxa, D. M. Canright, J. N. Andrews, Loughborough, John Matteson, A. C. Bordeau, A. T. Jones, W. W. Prescott noUriah Smith.

 

Ezinye iintshukumo zama-Adventist yayizezi:

1.   Ama-Evangelical Adventist; kunye2.   Advent Christians.

Bonke babeziphosisile ukuqonda imo yokuvuka kwabafileyo nomgwebo. Aba babini babengamaMillennialist abalandela intsingiselo enguqulelo-ntetho ngqo yombhalo weBhayibhile, ngelixa ii-SDA zazilandela iMillennialism yezulu.

 

Ubhu-Adventist ngokusesikweni bebungalandeli inkolo ye-Unitarian yebhayibhile de kwangowe-1931 xa impembelelo ka-Uriah Smith yaphela [jonga apha ngasentla] kwaye amaTrinitari, abebekudala bekhona kuyo, aqalisa ukuthatha ulawulo. U-Uriah Smith wabizwa ngokuba ngu-Arian ngabalandelayo bakhe.

 

Kuthiwa u-Ellen G. White wayengomnye wokuqala ukwazisa iingqikelelo zobuthathu-bobunye kwi-Adventism yoMhla weSixhenxe kwincwadi ethi Desire of Ages (1898, p. 530), ngokubonakalayo ngaphandle kokuhlelwa kwaye ngokuchasene nembono ecacileyo yecawa (ngokuka M. L. Andreasen, The Spirit of Prophecy, intetho yomhla wama-30 kuNovemba 1948). Kwakukho nezinye iindlela zokucinga zama-Adventist.

 

UM. L. Andreasen (ibid.) uthi baye barhanela ukuba yimpazamo yokuhlela kodwa wahamba waya kuthetha naye waza waqinisekisa ukuba kunjalo. Oku akuzange kupapashwe nguye kude kube ngo-1948. Ngenxa yeembono nemfundiso zamadoda amakhulu ecawa kude kube ngo-1931, lo mbhalo wawurhanelwa ukuba ngumxholo owenziwe ngobuqhetseba ekuhlelweni. I-Christian Connection, apho wayevela khona uJames White, yayiyi-Unitarian. Ekugqibeleni bayadibana nabanye baba yi-United Church of Christ. Izimfundiso zayo zazisekelwe ngakumbi eBhayibhileni kunyezo ze-Unitarian Universalist Church yanamhlanje. Loo candelo alinanto yakwenza noko neenkolelo zokuthotyelwa kukaThixo eziyi-Unitarian zamabandla agcina iSabatha.

 

ICawa yama-Adventist yayiyi-Unitarian, okanye njengoko ama-Adventist esitsho ngoku, yayiyi-Arian, kude kube ngunyaka ka-1931. Nangona kunjalo, i-Arianism njengoko ichazwa ngama-Trinitarian ibhengeza ukuba uMoya wadalwa nguNyana. Le ngqondo isenokuba yinto eqanjwe ngama-Trinitarian okuqala njengoko oko sinako kwamagqabaza ka-Arius kungakhombisi le ngqondo. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko ichazwa yiTrinitarians, i-Arianism ayisosiyunithi yebhayibhile kwaye ayisosifundiso esibanjwe nguSmith okanye ngayo nayiphi na imihla yeecawa kuquka iCawa kaThixo (yoMhla weSixhenxe) okanye yeeCawa ezalandelayo.

 

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ibandla lamaSeventh Day Adventist alizange libe yiTrinitarian ngokusesikweni de kwapapashwa i-Questions on Doctrine ngo-1978. U-Andreasen wabhala uthotho lweeleta ezichasa olu kwamkelwa lokugqibela. Ngoko ke, kwabakho ixesha lotshintsho phakathi ko-1931 no-1978.

[1903 – UGqr. John Harvey Kellogg ukhuthaza izimfundiso zeTrinitariyane eBattle Creek emva kokuguquka kwakhe esuka kwiPantheism. UKellogg ucela uJones ukuba afundise eBattle Creek College. UWaggoner ufudukela eBattle Creek, nto leyo embeka engozini enkulu. U-Ellen White uyamlelela esithi: "USathana usebenza ngokufihlakeleyo, engadinwa, ukubangela ukuwela kwakho ngeemvakaliso zakhe ezikhohlisayo… Unethemba lokukukhokelela kwiindlela eziphambukisayo zobuthixo-moya." (Ileta 231, 1903) Uluhlu lwexesha lotshintsho lwama-Adventist - Njengoko kubhalwe lunjalo]

 

Ingxelo yeziNkolelo yama-Adventist aseFrance yayisengu-Unitarian ngo-1938, ngokwekopi yeNcwadi yeMiyalelo yeCawa yaloo nyaka ebiphethwe nguGqr Thomas McElwain owayefunda kwiseminari yama-Adventist eFrance ukusukela ngo-1968 ukuya ku-1973. Waphawula kumagqabantshintshi alo msebenzi ukuba iseminari yayiyiTrinitarian, kodwa iihlothi ngelo xesha zazisengu-Unitarian.

 

Intshukumo yama-Adventist yasekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1800 (1842-1844) yabona amaTrinitari engaba yininzi ngokungena kwinkqubo yeSabatha. Abanye abazange bayiyeke ngokwenene imodeli yobuTrinitari kwaye oku kwaza kuba yintlekele kwinkqubo yama-Adventist yasekuqaleni esulungekileyo emva kukaSmith ngo-1931 (iWikipedia ibhala ukusweleka kwakhe njengo-6 Matshi 1903 (eneminyaka engama-70 ubudala) , eBattle Creek, eMichigan, eUnited States.) xa amaTrinitari kwi-Adventism athatha ulawulo, ikakhulu ngenxa yeenqwelo zobulungiseleli. Umnqweno wokutsala umdla wamaProtestanti aseMelika waba negalelo kule ngxaki. Kwakhokelela nakwiBinaritariyani kwiCawa zikaThixo kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini, nto leyo ekhokelele kwiimpazamo ezininzi nokwahlukana kwiinkqubo zangoku.

 

Ama-Adventist ase-Afrika, emva kokubhengezwa kweTrinitariyani ngo-1978 okwathi zazingazange zibhengezwe kubo ngokubanzi, baqala ukushiya ngobuninzi baza baseka okanye bajoyina imibutho ezimeleyo.

 

Baqala ukujoyina i-CCG ngobuninzi kulo lonke elase-Afrika xa befunda ngeemfundiso zeBhayibhile ze-Unitarian. Babenqabile ukwamkela i-WCG kunye nemibutho eyaphuma kuyo.

 

iCawa kaThixo (yoSuku lweSixhenxe)

ICawa kaThixo (yoSuku lweSixhenxe) yayiyinkqubo yebhayibhile yobu-Unitarian egcina uMbumbulu engazange ngokomthetho igcine iintsuku ezingcwele e-Oregon/ iNkomfa yaseDenver kodwa yaziwa ngokwenza njalo kwezinye iindawo (umz. iChile) nakwiNkomfa yaseCaldwell e-US naseNigeria nakwezinye iindawo.

 

INkomfa yaseDenver iye yaphazanyiswa ngamaTrinitarians phakathi kobulungiseleli bayo yaza yavunyelwa zizibhengezo zeBinitarianism ngo-1995-7 nezeTrinitarian Protestantism ngo-1999. Amandla okuvota amalungu ayo, ngokuchasene nabasebenzi bokukhonza, ayizange iyisindise ekunikezeleni ngokukhawuleza okubonwe kwiCawa yeHlabathi kaThixo.

 

Bonke abavela kwi-COG (SD) abazimanya ne-CCG ngama-Unitari eBhayibhile kwaye abakazamkeli utshintsho lweemfundiso ukusukela ngo-1995-1999. Phantse bonke abase-Afrika bazimanyile ne-CCG.

 

iCawe yeHlabathi yeThixo (eyayifudula iyiRadio Church of God)

UHerbert Armstrong waqala ukubhalela imagazini yeCawe yeThixo (yoSuku lweSixhenxe) iBible Advocate ukusukela ngo-1927. Waqalisa umsebenzi wakhe wobulungiseleli ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1930 kodwa wayesaphantsi kwemivuzo yeCawa kaThixo (yoSuku lweSixhenxe) de kwaba malunga nonyaka ka-1940. Oku kwalandela ukwaziswa okwakucwangcisiwe kobuThathu-bobuthathu-bobuthathu (Trinitarianism) kwintshatsheli yama-Adventist kodwa akunanto yakwenza nayo.

 

Iinkolelo-buThixo zeCawa kaThixo yeHlabathi jikelele zaziyi-Ditheist kwaye zifana nezo, kodwa ayifani nengqekembe kaMarathonius emva kokugxothwa nokusweleka kukaMacedonius emva kweBhunga laseConstantinople ngo-381 CE. Yayahluka ngendalo yoMoya oyiNgcwele, kodwa yayisabamba iThixo ezibini. Yayichazwe kakubi kakhulu kwaye kwakukho amaUnitarian amaninzi phakathi kwamalungu eWorldwide Church of God ngenxa nje yokungaqondakali kweBible Correspondence Course, eyayifumana isakhiwo sikaThixo ku-Eloah oyedwa.

 .

Ngokwahlukana kweCawa yeHlabathi kaThixo, kubekho uthotho lwamaqela amacawa anezimfundiso ezingacacanga kakuhle malunga nobuthixo kunye nezinye iinkalo ezininzi. Uninzi lwazo, ngokobuchwepheshe, ngamaDitheist, zikholelwa kwiiThixo ezimbini ukususela ekuqaleni (ab orgine). Amanye athethe ngesakhiwo seBinitarian kodwa ngokucacisa okubuthathaka kakhulu kwezemfundiso yenkolo. Onke la maqela agcina iintsuku ezingcwele. Ubuncinci amaqela amabini agcina iinyanga ezintsha.

 

Iicawa zamaKristu zikaThixo

Iicawa zamaKristu zikaThixo yicawa egcina uMbindi, igcina zonke iinkalo zeenkqubo zecawa yamandulo, kuquka ubuThixo obunye obusekelwe eBhayibhileni. Iinene ezingamazwe angathethi isiNgesi phantsi kwamagama aguqulelwe egameni lesiNgesi.

 

AmaNgqina kaYehova

AmaNgqina kaYehova yiCawa yeUnitariyani, engazigcini okanye engayiqondi iSabatha, iiNyanga Ezintsha neMibhiyozo. Ngenxa yoko, abanawo iimpawu ezibalulekileyo zabakhethiweyo ekuthethwe ngazo kulo mqulu.

 

Uqukumbelo

ISabatha luphawu lweCawa kaThixo. Asiluphawu. Uphawu oluphambili bubuThixo. Le yisakhiwo seBhayibhile sokuThand' uThixo okukodwa. Umbhaptizo luphawu lwesibini kwaye ukwamkelwa koMoya oyiNgcwele lusitampu sangaphakathi. Iimpawu zangaphandle yiSabatha, neSidlo seNkosi/iPasika, oluphawu lwemithetho kaThixo. Oku kulandelwa ziNyanga ezintsha neeNtsuku eziNgcwele. IiSabatha ziyakhanyelwa uluntu ngenxa yobuthixo bezithixo.

Hezekile 20:16-20 Kuba bazidele izigwebo zam, bengahambi kwimithetho yam, kodwa bangcolisa iSabatha zam: kuba intliziyo yabo yalandela izithixo zabo. 17Noko ke iliso lam labanyamezela ukuba bangatshatyalaliswa, andibatshabalalisi ehlathini. 18Kodwa ndathi kubantwana babo esihlanjeni, Ningahambi kwimithetho yoyihlo, ningagcini nemigwebo yawo, ningazingcolisi ngezithixo zawo: 19Ndinguye iNkosi uThixo wenu; hanini kwimithetho yam, nigcine imigwebo yam, niyenze; 20Ningcwaliseni iSabatha zam; kwaye iyakuba luphawu phakathi kwam nani, ukuze nazi ukuba ndinguye iNkosi uThixo wenu. (KJV)

 

Ukunyotywa kweeSabatha kuvela ekuthandeni izithixo. IiSabatha ziquka zonke iintsuku ezibekelwe ukuquliswa nguThixo ngokweKhalenda yaKhe esekelwe ekubonisweni kweenyanga ezintsha ngokuchanekileyo. UThixo uohlwaya isizwe ngokungamhloniphi nokungagcini imithetho yaKhe.

Hezekile 20: 21-24 Noko ke abantwana bam baphikisa kum: abahambanga kwimithetho yam, bengayigcini imigwebo yam ukuze bayenze, leyo ukuba umntu ayenze, uya kuphila kuyo; bayingcolisa iSabatha zam: ndathi, ndiya kugalela umsindo wam kubo, ndigqibezele umsindo wam kubo entlango. 22Noko ke ndarhoxisa isandla sam, ndenza ngenxa yegama lam, ukuze lingangcoliswa phambi kwabantu bamanye amazwe, endibakhupha phambi kwabo. 23Ndamphakamisa isandla sam nakubo entlango, ukuba ndingabahlakaza phakathi kwabantu bamanye amazwe, ndize ndibazise emazweni; 24Kuba abazange benze imigwebo yam, kodwa bazidele imithetho yam, baze banganisa iSabatha zam, kwaye amehlo abo aye kwimifanekiso ethile yobutyebi babo. (KJV)

IiSabatha azahlukanga kumyalelo wokuqala nomthetho. Isizwe siyohlwaywa ngenxa yokusilela ukugcina zonke iinkalo zemithetho kaThixo. Abakhethiweyo bayigcinile inyaniso ngokungagungqiyo kude kube kumakhulu alishumi elinesithoba nelishumi elinesibhozo eminyakeni, xa ukubaluleka kwenkcubeko koThixo omnye wonyanisekileyo, nokuqonda ubuThixo kwagxekwa yiProtestanti.

 

                                                                                                  Itheyibhile yeZimfundiso zeeCawa zikaThixo

Icawe/Imfundiso

Ubuthixo

Isakhiwo soMbutho

Ubhaptizo

ISabatha

Iinyanga Ezintsha

Iintsuku Ezingcwele

Isidlo seNkosi/

Ipesheya

Imithetho Yokutya

Paulo-Efese (30 CE ukuya phambili)

Ubunye boBibleli

OwamaPresbiteriane nowangqalileyo-wama-Episkopali

Ubhaptizo lwabantu abadala

Ukugcina iSabatha

Babegcina iinyanga ezintsha

Bagcina iintsuku ezingcwele

Ababanga umhla we-14

Ewe

 ISmirna-iLyons (iNkulungwane yesi-2-yesi-9)

Eyobu-Unitariy beBhayibhile

I-Presbyterian ne-quasi-Episcopalian

Ubhaptizo lwabantu abadala

Ukugcina uMbumbulu

Babegcina iinyanga ezintsha

Bagcina iintsuku ezingcwele

Ababanga umhla we-14

Ewe

AmaPaulician (1-10 iNkulungwane)

Abanyanisi beBhayibhile

Okufana nomkhosi

Ubhaptizo lwabantu abadala

Ukugcina iSabatha

Kunzima ukuyaziqinisekisa

Ukugcina iintsuku ezingcwele

Abangalandeli bakaYohane

Ewe

AmaFranco-Spanish aseValle okanye amaSabbatati (amaAlbigenses kwinkulungwane yesi-9 ukuya kweyesi-15)

Abanyani beBhayibhile

IsiFrentshi: I-Episcopalian engenankqubo yezikhundla. IsiSpanish: I-Presbyterian

Umbhaptizo wabantu abadala

Ukugcina iSabatha

Bonke bayakhonza ngokufihlakeleyo ngexesha lokuxhatshazwa

Bagcina iintsuku ezingcwele

Abangalandeli be-Quarto-deciman

Ewe

Abalondolozi beSabatha baseWaldensi abaphambili phambi koHlaziyo

Abanyanisi beBhayibhile

AmaPresbiteriane. Ibhunga labantu abaqhelekileyo, isinodi yamanani alinganayo.

Ubhaptizo lwabantu abadala

Ukugcina iSabatha

Bonke bayakhonza ngasese ngexesha lokuxhatshazwa

Bagcina iintsuku ezingcwele

Abalandeli be-Quarto-deciman

Ewe

AbakwaWaldensi Abaphambili Basemva koHlaziyo

(Ukususela kwiNkulungwane ye-16 ukuza kuthi ga ngoku)

Owumxube weTrinitariyane

Zaxutywa de phantse zaphela

Umbhaptizo wabantu abadala

Bangena kunqulo lweCawa ngeHlaziyo yeCawa

Hayi

Hayi

I-Ista (ukubethelwa emnqamlezweni ngoLwesihlanu - ukuvuka kwakhona ngeCawa)

Hayi

ISabbatati yaseMpuma Yurophu (ukusukela ngekhulu le-11)

Yebhayibhile

Yunitarian

AmaPresbyterian ngokwengingqi

Ubhaptizo lwabantu abadala

Ukugcina iSabatha. (iCawa yahlukana ngo-1579)

Babegcina iinyanga ezintsha

Ewe

I-Quarto-deciman

Ewe

Ama-Anabaptist angaphambi koHlaziyo/

Abalolardi (100 leminyaka elidlulileyo ukuya phambili)

Abanyanisi beBhayibhile

IPresbiteri.

Iqela lama- lahlukana ngekhulu le-15

Ubhaptizo lwabantu abadala lwe- ismu

Ukugcina iSabatha . (iCawa yahlukana ngo-1579)

Akukho ngxelo

Malunga nee- zeAlbigensian zangaphambi koHlaziyo lweCawa

Abakwa-Quarto-deciman

Ewe

AmaBhaptizi asemva koHlaziyo lweCawa

Edityanisiweyo (amaBhaptizi oSuku lweSixhenxe okuqala, amaUnitarian)

Edityanisiweyo

Umbhaptizo wabantu abadala

Ezahlukeneyo

Hayi (abanye abakwa-SDB ngoku bagcina iimibhiyozo)

Akukho nxaxheba

I-Ista yamkelwe ngabaninzi

Dibanisa

AmaBhaptizi aseMelika

(Ukususela kwinkulungwane ye-17)

Ezahlulweyo

Edityanisiweyo

Ubhaptizo lwabantu abadala

Edityanisiweyo

Akukho

Akukho nxaxheba

I-Easter yamkelwe ngabaninzi

Dibanisa

AmaSabatha osuku lwesixhenxe

(Ukususela kwinkulungwane ye-19 ukuza kuthi ga ngoku)

Abany-Unitari

kude kwaba iTrinity yamkela ngo-1931-58 emva kwexesha lika-Uriah Smith

I-Presbyterian yeSimiso-mthetho

Ubhaptizo lwabantu abadala

Ukugcina iSabatha

Hayi

Yamkelwe kodwa ayigcinwanga

I-Ista (ukubethelelwa emnqamlezweni ngoLwesihlanu) emva kokwahlukana kweC of G (SD)

Ewe

iCawa kaThixo (SD)

UCaldwell wase-Idaho wayenyanisile kakhulu

Unitarian

ngoku iyatshintsha

 

I-Unitarian eCaldwell.

I-Presbyterian yeMgaqo-siseko

Ubhaptizo lwabantu abadala

Ukugcina uMbumbulu

Ayikho kwiNkomfa yaseDenver

Ichanekile eCaldwell

Kwezinye iindawo

UCaldwell wayenemibhiyozo ngokweNxulumano

Abangalandeli bakaYohane

Ewe

iCawa kaThixo yeHlabathi (eyayifudula iyiCawa yoSuku lweSine kaThixo)

I-Unitarian kunye ne-C of G (SD) ukusukela ekwahlukaneni kude kube ngo-1955. Umxube we-Unitarian/ Ditheist/ Binitarian ongacacanga kakuhle kude kube ngo-1994. Ukwahlukana okuninzi

Yahlukana neC of G (SD). Umgaqo-siseko nokuvota kwamiswa ngokungekho mthethweni.

Ngoku yintlangano enolawulo oluphezulu njengamacandelo ayo amaninzi

Umbhaptizo wabantu abadala

Ukugcina uMbumbulu kude kube ngo-1996. Ukungena kunqulo lweCawa. Amahlanga ayo agcina uMbumbulu.

Hayi. Ezinye izifundo zeBhayibhile zobusuku benyanga entsha ngeentsuku ezingezizo okwethutyana.

Ewe.

Akukaze kubekho iWave Sheaf egcinweyo.

I-Quasi-Quarto-deciman kwikhalenda yamaYuda enesakhiwo sePasika esingachanekanga. Ayizange igcinwe kwezinye iindawo ngo-1996

Ewe

CCG

Abany-Unitariyani beBhayibhile

Presbyterian yoMgaqo-siseko

Umbhaptizo wabantu abadala

Ukugcina uMbumbulu

Gcina Entsha

Iinyanga

Gcina

Iintsuku Ezinyengileyo

Abalandeli be-14

Ewe



Isihlomelo

 

Ingcaciso YesiNtu Yama-Anti-Trinitarians Okuqala kunye ne-Unitarianism

 

Kwisahluko 150 seVolyum II uSchaff uthetha ngeendidi zabaqalekisi beTrinithiyali apho ababiza njengeklasi yokuqala ii-Alogi, uTheodotus, uArtemon kunye noPaul waseSamostata. Uthi kwiphepha 572 ukuthi:

aba Anti-Trinitarians badla ngokubizwa ngokuba ngamaMonarchians (ivela kwi-monarchia) okanye ngamaUnitarians ngenxa yegxininiso ababelibeka kubunye obunamanani nobobuqu boButhathu-nye.

   Kodwa kufuneka silumke ukuwahlula phakathi kwabo iindidi ezimbini eziphikisanayo: amaMonarchians anengqiqo okanye anamandla, awayengakholelwa kubuthixo bukaKristu, okanye wayechaza njengento nje "amandla" [dunamis]; kunye namaMonarchian ePatripassian okanye e-modalistic, awayefanisa uNyana noYise, kwaye wamkela ubuncinane ubuthathu obungumodi kuphela, oko kukuthi iindlela ezintathu zokubonakaliswa, kodwa hayi ubuntu obuthathu.

   Eyona ndlela yokuqala yesi siphambuko, ebandakanyeka kubunye bukaThixo obungokwengqondo obamaYuda, deistically zahlula ubuthixo nobuntu, kwaye zaphakama kancinci ngaphezu kweEbionism. Emva kokoyiswa ecaweni le nkolelo-mfundiso yaphuma ngaphandle kwayo ngomlinganiselo omkhulu, njengomboniso obonakaliswayo, kwaye yaba nempumelelo emangalisayo kuMbhuda-Mohammedanism enokubizwa ngokuba yi-Unitarianism yobuxoki yamaYuda namaKristu yaseMpuma.

   Uhlobo lwesibini lwavela kowona mbono uphezulu wobuthixo bukaKristu, kodwa ngokuyinxenye lwavela nakwiingcinga zepantheism ezazisondela kwisiseko se-Gnostic docetism.

   Omnye wawuthoba isidima soNyana, omnye isidima soYise; noko ke le yokugqibela yayinzulu kakhulu kwaye iyobuKristu, kwaye ngenxa yoko yamkeleka ngakumbi.

 

Kufuneka kwakhona kukhunjulwe ukuba uSchaff ngumXhasi weTrinithi kwaye, ngenxa yoko, uxoxa nxamnye neembono zekholichi engundoqo eyayichasene naye. Ingxelo yakhe ayiphelelanga njengoko siza kubona. USchaff uthi (kwiphe. 573) ukuba bonke oMonarchians bodidi lokuqala babebona uKristu njengomntu nje, ozaliswe ngamandla othixo; kodwa bacinga ukuba la mandla othixo ayesebenza kuye, hayi ukusukela kubhaptizo kuphela, ngokwembono yama-Ebionite, kodwa ukusukela ekuqaleni; kwaye bamkela ukuzalwa kwakhe okungaphaya kwemvelo ngoMoya oyiNgcwele. Uze aludwelise iindidi zezi ziqela, ama-Alogi, uTheodotus. UTheodotus omncinci wabeka uMelkisedek njengomlamli phakathi kukaThixo neengelosi, ngaphezu kukaKristu, umlamli phakathi kukaThixo nabantu (Schaff, p. 574). Abalandeli bakhe babebizwa ngokuba ngamaMelchisedekiane. USchaff uyaqhubeka nokudwelisa amaArtemonite awayengakholelwa kubuthixo bukaKristu kwaye esebenzisa u-Euclid no-Aristotle ukuphika iimfihlakalo nokuchasa ukusetyenziswa kwePlatonism ukucacisa iivangeli.

 

USchaff ukwadwelisa uPawulos waseSamostata, umbhishophu wase-Antioch ukusukela ngo-260, njengoyena wayedume kakhulu kwii-Unitarian ezisekelwe kwingqiqo.

Waphika ubuntu beLogos noMoya oyiNgcwele waza wabajonga njengamandla nje kaThixo, njengengqiqo nengqondo emntwini; kodwa wavuma ukuba iLogos yahlala kuKristu ngomlinganiselo omkhulu kunakweyiphi na intshumayeli kaThixo yangaphambili, waza wafundisa, njengamaSosiniani kwixesha elizayo, ukunyuselwa kukaKristu kancinci kancinci, okwakumiswa luphuhliso lwakhe lwempilo entle ukuya kwisidima sobuthixo. Wavuma ukuba uKristu wahlala engenasono, woyisa isono sabo bakokhokho bethu, waza waba nguMsindisi woluntu (ibid.).

USchaff ucinga ukuba olu hlobo lwamaKristu lwalusekho njengeeSamostatians, iiPaulianists, kunye neeSabellians. Noko ke, wenza impazamo apha yokudibanisa phantsi kwegama elithi iiMonarchians iintlobo ngeentlobo zamaqela awaxelelwa yi-ERE (jonga inqaku elithi Monarchianism) njengoko kudida imiba kulo mbandela.

 

Kuhlobo lwakhe lwesibini lwabachasi beTrinitarians, uSchaff ubandakanya uPraxeas, uNoetus, uCallistus noBeryllus. Apha sibonakala sinengxabano phakathi kukaHugh Pope nabaqulunqi be-ERE kwelinye icala noSchaff ku kwelinye icala. IMonarchianism ngokwentsingiselo yayo yesiqhelo isuka kumaPatripassians ngakuNoetus, kwaye amaSabellians ngabalandelayo babo. Noko ke, uSchaff wenza uluhlu lwamaSabellians ngokwahlukileyo kwicandelo 152. Yayikukubonisa impazamo yeMonarchianism kunye nendlela awayemi ngayo uHippolytus ukuba umsebenzi wakhe wacaphulwa kuxwebhu oluthi Early Theology of the Godhead (No. 127). Babefundisa ukuba uThixo omnye ophakamileyo ngokuzithanda kwakhe, nangesenzo sokuzibophelela, waba ngumntu ukuze uNyana abe nguBawo ofihliweyo enyameni (Schaff, p. 576). Okunika umdla kukuba, ukubhekiselwa kwiMonarchia ngoku kufumaneka kuphela kwiTrinitarianism apho iimfundiso zeMonarchia neCircumincession zimisela ubudlelwane boButhixo.

 

I-Sabellianism yalandelelwa ngu-Athanasius yaya kwifilosofi yamaStoic kwaye isoloko ibuya. USabellius waxoxa ngokwahlukana kwe-monad ne-triad kwindalo kaThixo. Ngoko ke, isityhilelo sikaYise asiqalanga ekudalweni okwandulela isityhilelo seTrinitarian kodwa saqala ekunikezweni komthetho. Isityhilelo soNyana saqala ekuzenzeni umntu saza saphela ekuNyukeni. Isityhilelo soMoya oyiNgcwele saqala kwinkhuthazo yaza saqhubeka ekuhlaziyweni nasekungcwalisweni . Uchaza ubudlelwane beTrinithe ngokuthelekisa uYise nediski yelanga, uNyana namandla alo okukhanyisa, uMoya Oyingcwele nefuthe lawo lokufudumeza (jonga kwakhona umzekelo wekhandlela kwiTrinithe yanamhlanje). Ukhanyela ukusisigxina kokuvela kukaYise kwanokuvela koNyana noMoya Oyingcwele. Wenza ezi zinto zintathu zibe ziziganeko zexeshana ezizalisekisa umsebenzi wazo zize zibuyele kwinto enye engabonakaliyo (jonga uSchaff, op. cit., pp. 581-583 for the doctrine). Le nkqubo izakuphinda ivele kwiNtshukumo yeXesha eliNtsha idityaniswe neProcess Theology. Ichasene neSubordinationism efundiswa ngamaChristian Unitarians abapostile necawa yokuqala, ngamaReformation Unitarians nathi.

 

USchaff akanyanisekanga ngokwaneleyo kwindlela akuphatha ngayo iimfundiso zokuqala ezingeyiyo iTrinitarian. Usebenzisa igama elithi anti -Trinitarian ngokungathi ithi bekukho imfundiso yeTrinitarian kanti ibingekho. ITrinity ayizange yamiselwe de kwaba kwiBhunga laseConstantinople ngo-381 kwaye ayizange iqinisekiswe de kwaba kwiBhunga laseChalcedon ngo-451, xa iicawa ezininzi ezibalulekileyo zaza zahlukanisa umanyano lwazo namaTrinitarian. Akazikhankanyi ezi cawa okanye ithiyoloji yabaXhasi bokuqala (Early Apologists) eyayiyi-Unitarian yobuthobokazi. U-Irenaeus ubalulekile kuba nguye osondeleyo kunabo bonke esinokufikelela kuyo kwithiyoloji yoqobo kaYohane noPolycarp ngokucacisa. Imibhalo-mbali yeTrinitari, nokuba yeyamaProtestanti okanye yamaKatolika, ayifane ivume le thiyoloji, eyayiphikisa. USchaff usebenzisa igama elithi Unitarianism ngokwentsingiselo yalo ebanzi, njengoko yamkelwa ngamaTrinitari, ukuzama ukufihla iingxabano zokwenene phakathi kwala maqela mabini ukusukela kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesihlanu. Phantsi kwegama eliqhelekileyo lamaUnitari, amaTrinitari azama ukudibanisa ngokubanzi amaModalists okanye amaMonarchians kunye nabangaphambili babo, amaPatripassians, kunye namaAdoptionists, abemi bakaMelkisedeki, kunye namaYuda namaSilamsi, kunye namaKristu angamaUnitariyo awabangela le gama. Oku kuyayifihla intsingiselo yokuqala yeli gama. Kuchanekile ngakumbi ukujonga aba njengabaNgamandulo-Thixo kwaye amaUnitariyo njengecandelo elingaphantsi lobuNgamandulo-Thixo. Nangona kunjalo, oku ngokucacileyo kungabatyhila amaTrinitariyo kwaye ngoko ke akusetyenziswa.

 

 

 

 

Zokuvumelana

Zenziwe, Zatyikitywa

Zenziwe, Zaza Zatyikitywa

 

phakathi kolawulo lukaKumkani, kunye

 

iOfisi Engcwele ye

 

Inkqubo yovavanyo.

 

IZIYENZO, IMITHETHO NEEMISELELO YOLawulo lobukhosi, kunye neOfisi Engcwele yoPhando lweNkolo

 

Valencia, 1568 (ingqokelela yoMbhali).

 

 

UMTHETHO WENKOLELO

 

"Thina uGqirha Andres de Palacio, uMphicothi-nkolelo ochasene nengakholelo kunye nokugqwetheka kobu-aposetola kwisixeko nobukumkani baseValencia, njalo njalo.

"Kubo bonke abakholwa abangamaKristu, amadoda nabafazi, abefundisi, amadoda amakholwa kunye nabefundisi abangamaKatolika basemagunyeni onke, izikhundla kunye nemikhosi; abazukulo nankathalo kule nto iya kubangela isindiso eNkosini yethu uYesu Kristu, isindiso sokwenyani; abazi ukuba, ngokwemigaqo-sihloko nemigwebo eyenziwe ngabaPhandi abahloniphekileyo, abangaphambili bethu, balunyukiswa ukuba bavele phambi kwabo, kwisithuba esinikiweyo, baze bachaze baveze izinto ababebone, ababezazi, nababezivileyo ngomntu okanye abantu, abaphilayo okanye abaswelekileyo, abathe bathetha okanye benze nantoni na echasene neNkolo eNgcwele yamaKatolika; bekhulisa kwaye begcina umthetho kaMoses okanye icawa yamaSilamsi, okanye izithethe nemisebenzi yayo; okanye benza izenzo ezahlukeneyo zobuganga; beqwalasela iintsuku zangoLwesihlanu ngokuhlwa neeMgqibelo; betyhila iimpahla zabo zangaphakathi ezicocekileyo ngoMgqibelo kwaye benxiba iimpahla ezingcono kunangezinye iintsuku; belungiselela ukutya kwangoMgqibelo ngooLwesihlanu, ezityeni zokuthosa emlilweni omncinci; abangasebenziyo ngooLwesihlanu ngokuhlwa nangoMgqibelo njengangezinye iintsuku; abakhandla izibane kwizibane ezicocekileyo ezinemibovu emitsha, ngooLwesihlanu ngokuhlwa; bebeka ilinen ecocekileyo emibhedeni neenapukeni ezicocekileyo etafileni; bebhiyozela umthendeleko wesonka esingenamvubelo, besitya isonka esingenamvubelo, iselery kunye nezityalo ezikrakra; bebamba ifasto yesixolelo (uSuku loXolelo) xa bengatyi imini yonke de kube ngokuhlwa emva kokuphuma kweenkwenkwezi, xa besixolelana kwaye bephula ifasto yabo; kwaye ngendlela efanayo bayalugcina ukuza kukaKumkanikazi u-Esther, olwe-tissabav, nolwe-rosessena; abathandazayo ngokomthetho kaMoses, bemi phambi kodonga, begungxula besiya phambili besiya emva, kwaye bethatha amanyathelo ambalwa besiya emva; abanikela ngemali ye-oli yetempile yamaYuda okanye enye indawo eyimfihlo yokunqula; abayincamisa iinkukhu ngokomthetho wamaYuda, kwaye baye kude nokutya iigusha okanye nayiphi na enye isilwanyana esiyi-trefa; abangathandi kutya inyama yehagu enetyuwa, iimpungutye, imivundla, amaxolo, okanye iintlanzi ezingenazikwere; abahlamba imizimba yabafileyo babo baze babangcwabe kumhlaba omtsha ngokwesiko lamaYuda; abathi, kwindlu yosizi bangatyi nyama kodwa batyis' intlanzi namaqanda aqhotsiweyo, behleli ezitulweni eziphantsi; abahlula isicaba sesonka xa bebhaka baze basiphose emlilweni; abangamaLungu, okanye abaziyo ngabanye abangamaLungu; ababiza izithunzela, baze bazinike imbeko efanele uThixo; abathi umthetho kaMoses ulungile kwaye unokuzisa usindiso lwabo; abenza ezinye izithethe nemisebenzi emininzi efanayo; abathi iNkosi yethu uYesu Kristu wayengenguye uMeshiya wokwenene othembiswa eBhalweni, hayi uThixo wokwenene okanye uNyana kaThixo; abangamkholelwayo ukuba wasweleka ukuze asindise uluntu; abangamkholelwayo kuvuko lwakhe nokunyukela kwakhe ezulwini; kwaye bathi uNkosikazi wethu uMama kaYesu wayengenguye umama kaThixo okanye intombi phambi kokuzalwa kwakhe nasemva koko; abathi kwaye baqinisekise nezinye iimpazamo ezininzi zobuheretiki; abathi into ababeyivumile phambi kwabaphandi yayingeyonyani; abakhulula iimpahla zabo zokuzithoba baze bangahlali entolongweni bengawugcini umthotholo obabekwe wona; abathetha izinto ezikhubekisayo ngokuchasene neNkolo yethu engcwele yamaKatolika nangeegosa ze-Inquisition; okanye abaphembelela nawuphi na umntu ongenakukholwa obekade enomdla wokuba ngumKatolika ukuba ayiguquke; abathi iSakramente eNgcwele ye-Altari asilulo umzimba nengalo yokwenene kaYesu Kristu uMsindisi wethu, nokuba uThixo akanakubakho kuyo yonke indawo; okanye nawuphi na umpriste obambe olu luvo luyinyanyazo, obhiyozela imisa, engazibizi la mazwi angcwele okungcwaliswa; esithi akholelwe ukuba umthetho kaMahomet kunye nezithethe nemisiko yawo zilungile kwaye zinokuzisa usindiso; othi ubomi kukuzalwa nokufa nje kuphela, kwaye akukho paradeyisi nasihogo; aze athi ukubolekisa ngenzala asisono; ukuba kukho umntu omtshadileyo osaphilayo, othatha omnye umfazi, okanye nawuphi na umfazi othatha omnye indoda esaphila umyeni wakhe wokuqala; ukuba kukho owaziyo abo bagcina izithethe zamaYuda, nabathiya abantwana babo ngobusuku besixhenxe emva kokuzalwa kwabo ngebhaka negolide etafileni, bebonwabela isithethe samaYuda; kwaye ukuba kukho owaziyo ukuba xa umntu esweleka, babeka indebe yamanzi nekhandlela elivuthayo namacephe athile apho umfi wafela khona, kwaye kangangeentsuku ezimbalwa, abangangeni apho; ukuba kukho umntu owaziyo ngomzamo womYuda okanye oguqukileyo, wokushumayela ngokufihlakeleyo umthetho kaMoses nokuguqula abanye kule nkolo, efundisa izithethe ezihambelana nayo, enika ulwazi ngemihla yemibhiyozo neentsuku zokuzila ukutya, efundisa imithandazo yamaYuda; ukuba kukho umntu owaziyo ngomntu ozama ukuba ngumYuda, okanye engumKrestu ehamba enxibe njengomYuda; ukuba kukho umntu owazi ngaye nabani na, ongumgqunyeleli okanye hayi, oyalela ukuba impahla yakhe yenziwe nge-canvas hayi ngomoba, njengoko amaYuda alungileyo enjenjalo; ukuba kukho umntu owazi ngabo abo, xa abantwana babo bangezwa izandla zabo, babeka izandla zabo emakhanda abantwana bengawenzi uMqondiso (woMnqamlezo); okanye abo, emva kwesidlo sasemini okanye sangokuhlwa, bakusikelela iwayini baze bayidlulisele kumntu ngamnye etafileni, eso sikhikelelo esibizwa ngokuba yi-veraha; ukuba kukho umntu owaziyo ukuba kwindlu ethile, abantu bayahlanganisana ngenjongo yokwenza iinkonzo zonqulo, okanye bafunde kwiibhayibhile zolwimi lwabo okanye benze ezinye izithethe zamaYuda, kwaye ukuba kukho umntu owaziyo ukuba xa umntu eza kukhwela uhambo, kuthethwa naye amazwi athile omthetho kaMoses, kwaye kubekwe isandla entloko yakhe ngaphandle kokwenza uMqondiso (woMnqamlezo) . Kwaye ukuba kukho umntu owaziyo ngomntu othe wavuma inkolo kaMoses, okanye walinda ukuza kweMesia, esithi uMsindisi wethu noMsindwa uYesu Kristu akakafiki kwaye ngoku uEliya wayefanele ukuba eze abathathe abaye kwilizwe elethembisiweyo; kwaye ukuba kukho umntu owaziyo ngomntu othe wazenza ngathi ungene kwimeko yokuphupha engalawulekiyo waza waphaphazela ezulwini kwaye ingelosi yamkhokelela phezu kweentsimi eziluhlaza yaza yamxelela ukuba lelo ilizwe elethembisiweyo elalisi kusindiswa bonke abaguqukileyo uEliya awayeza kubahlangula ekubanjweni ababephila kuko; kwaye ukuba kukho umntu okanye abantu abazi abantwana okanye abazukulwana babagwetyiweyo, yaye ngenxa yokungafaneleki kwabo, besebenzisa isikhundla sikarhulumente, okanye baphatha izixhobo zokulwa, okanye banxibe isilika nelaphu elihle, okanye behombisa iimpahla zabo ngegolide, isilivere, iiperile okanye ezinye iitshizi ezixabisekileyo okanye ikorale, okanye basebenzise nayiphi na enye into abayelweyo nabangavumelekanga ukuba banayo; kwaye ukuba kukho abaziyo ukuba kukho abantu abanayo okanye ababenayo nayiphi na impahla ethathweyo, ifenitshala, imali, igolide, isilivere, okanye ezinye izinto zokuhomba ezingezabo abo bagwetyelwe ingqikelelo, ekufuneka iziswe phambi komamkeli weempahla ezithathwe ngenxa yobugebenga bengqikelelo. —Zonke ezi zinto, nikade nizibone, nizive okanye nizazi, nina, amaKristu athembekileyo akhankanywe ngasentla, ngentliziyo enenkani, nala ukuzichaza nokuziveza, nto leyo elumkhohliso olukhulu nengcoliseko kumiphefumlo yenu; nicinga ukuba niyekisiwe ngezithunywa zikazwelonke nemivumbo yokuthethelelwa ekhutshwe ngutata wethu ongcwele, kunye nezithembiso neminikelo enayenzayo, nto leyo enikhokelele kwisigwebo sokugxothwa kwinkolo nezinye izohlwayo ezinzima phantsi komthetho; kwaye ngaloo ndlela ningajongwa njengabantu abagxothiweyo kwinkolo nanjengabaxhasi beziheretiki, ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo; kodwa, sinqwenela ukwenza oku ngenceba, kwaye ukuze imiphefumlo yenu ingatshabalali, kuba iNkosi yethu ayifuni ukufa komngcatshi kodwa ifuna ukuguquka nokuphila kwakhe; ngesi saziso, siyayisusa kwaye siyayinqamla isigwebo esapapashwa ngabo babesakuba ngabaphandi benkolo ngokuchasene nani, ukuba nje niyayigcina kwaye niyayithobela imiqathango yesi sigunyaziso sethu, esithi ngaso sifuna, siyaniyalela kwaye siniyalela, ngenxa yentobelo engcwele, naphantsi kwesohlwayo sokugxothwa ngokupheleleyo, kwisithuba seentsuku ezilithoba ukusukela ngexesha loku isigwebo sifundwe kuni, okanye saziswe kuni nangayiphi na indlela, ukuba nichaze konke enikwaziyo, enikubonileyo, enikuve, okanye enivile ngako ngasese nangayiphi na indlela, ngezinto nemisebenzi ekhankanywe ngasentla -kwaye uvele phambi kwethu ubuqu ukuze uchaze ubonakalise oko ukubonileyo, ukukuva, okanye okuzwe ngasese, ungakhange uthethe nangubani na omnye umntu, okanye unike ubungqina bobuxoki ngakuye nabani na. Kungenjalo, xa ixesha selidlulile, izilumkiso zomthetho wecawa ziphindaphindiwe ngokomthetho, kuya kuthathwa amanyathelo okukukhupha isigwebo sokugxothwa kwakho kwinkolo ngokwesi sithuba; kwaye ngale nkohliso, siya myalela ukuba uchazwe esidlangalaleni; kwaye ukuba, emva kwexesha elongezelelweyo leentsuku ezilithoba, uyaqhubeka nokunyelisa kwakho nokukholisiwa, uya kukholiswa, uqalekiswe, uqhwalwe, wahlulwe, wabehlulwe njengomhlobo kaSathana, ekudibaneni nasekubandakanyweni kwiCawe enguMama engcwele, nakwizisakramente zayo. Kwaye siya myalela oovikari, abarektara, abachaplini, kunye nabalondolozi bezinto ezingcwele nawaphi na amanye amadoda enkolo okanye asecaweni ukuba aphathe aze ajonge lawo akhankanywe apha ngokungathi ngabantu abagxothiweyo nabathukwayo ngenxa yokuba bafumene umsindo novukelelo lukaThixo uSomandla, kunye noMama oNgcwele uMariya, uMama wakhe, nabapostile abangcwalisweyo uSan Petros noSan Pawulos, nabo bonke abangcwele beNkundla yezulu; kwaye kubo abo baphikisi nabangathobeliyo abanokufihla inyaniso ngemiba engentla, makube kuzo zonke iintlekele nezithuko ezawa kwaye ezahliselwa kuKumkani uFaro nasemkhosini wakhe ngenxa yokungawuthobeli imiyalelo kaThixo; kwaye isigwebo esinye sokugxothwa nguThixo mabibangele ingqonga kubo njengoko sasibangela ingqonga kubantu baseSodom naseGomora abatshabalala bonke emililweni; naseAthan naseAbiron abaginywa ngumhlaba ngenxa yezenzo ezinkulu zokungathobeli nokuvukela iNkosi yethu uThixo; kwaye mabathukwe ekutyeni nasekuseleni, ekuphaphameni nasekulaleni, ekufikeni nasekuhambeni. Mabaqalekiswe ekuphileni nasekufeni, kwaye mabahlale beqinile ezonweni zabo, nomsitha ube sisandla sabo sasekunene ngamaxesha onke; malube lulwaphulo-mthetho ubizo lwabo, iintsuku zabo zibe zimbalwa kwaye zibe zibi; malonwatyelwe ngabanye ubutyebi babo, abantwana babo babe ziinkedama, neemfazi zabo zibe ngamahlakani. Mabantwana babo bahlale beswele, kwaye makungabikho mntu ubancedayo; makagxothwe emakhaya abo kwaye impahla yabo ithathwe ngababolekisi-mali; kwaye makangafumani mntu uvelwano ngabo; mabantwana babo babhujiswe kwaye bagxothwe, namagama abo kananjalo; kwaye ububi babo bube phambi kwenkumbulo kaThixo ngonaphakade. Mabaentshaba zabo bazoyise kwaye bazixhobe konke abanako ehlabathini; kwaye makazange-zange ukusuka emnyango ukuya emnyango bengenankxaso.  Amathandazo abo makajikeleziswe abe zisithuko; kwaye makasikelelwe isonka newayini, inyama nenhlanzi, isiqhamo nokunye ukutya abakutyayo; ngokunjalo nezindlu abahlala kuzo neempahla abazinxibayo, izilwanyana abakhwela kuzo neembono abalala kuzo, neetafile neenapukeni abatyela kuzo. Mabathukwe kuSathana nakuLusifa nakuzo zonke izidimoni zasesihogweni, kwaye aba babenkosi zabo, baze babalandele ebusuku nasemini. Amen. Kwaye ukuba nabaphi na abantu abawiselweyo ezo zohlwayo zokugxothwa kwinkonzo nezithuko, beqhubeka ngako kangangonyaka, mabajongwe njengezinyelisi ngokwabo, kwaye mabatshutshiswe ngenkqubo enye njengoko kwenziwa kwizinyelisi okanye abarhanelwa lolwaphulo-mthetho lwezinyeliso. Inikwe nge_____ kuMatshi, kunyaka weNkosi yethu uThixo, ngawumbi elikhulu namakhulu alishumi elinesibini."

 

Nullus omoveat sub pena excommunicationis.

 

(Kwakhona: Akunamsebenzi ukungcamla okwenziwe kumngcamiseli ukuze kufunyanwe intethelelo kwisigwebo sokugxothwa kwenkolo umkholwa-mbi anokuba phantsi kwaso, ukususela ngexesha lokwenziwa kwesono.)

(Kwakhona: Bonke abazi nantoni na ngezi zinto ezikhankanywe kwesi sigunyaziso sangoku, okanye ezinye iinkolelo eziphambukileyo, baze bangaphumi baphambili ukuzityhola nokuzibhengeza, ngale ndlela baye bakhanyelwa ngokwenkolo kwaye abanakuxolelwa ngabavumisi babo.)

  El doctor                    De Mandato sue

  Palacio, inquisidor.   Reverende paternitatis,

                                     Petrus Sorell, notarius.